RUINS OF SINGHA SARI. 103 



Nov. 22. — We rode to-dav about seven miles 

 out, on the road to Passarouan, to visit the ruins of 

 Singha sari. We were astonished at the number of 

 people on the road, horse and foot passengers and 

 bullock-waggons forming a continuous stream, both 

 of people going from and coming to Malang. The 

 country gradually rose towards the north, the direc- 

 tion in which we were proceeding, and the road 

 made apparently for a low ridge, forming a gap 

 between the Arjuno and the mountains of the 

 Teng'ger. All the land seemed well cultivated, and 

 carefully irrigated, though most of it was now 

 fallow, or being ploughed and harrowed. The 

 plough was very simple. The coulter was nothing 

 but a large knife, stuck onto the end of a long- 

 bent handle, forming the tail, and from the junction 

 of the two a long piece of wood projected forward, 

 at the end of which was the cross piece or yoke for 

 the oxen to pull it along. The harrow is equally 

 simple, being nothing but a large rake, drawn by 

 oxen, with the man who drives them sitting on the 

 cross-piece. The small brown oxen, something 

 like the Brahmin bull in shape, are most commonly 

 used, and are said to stand the heat better than the 

 great buffalo or mud ox, the skin of which is of a 

 dark mouse colour, and nearly hairless, and which 

 has huge spreading horns. The small brown oxen 

 are much the handsomer beasts of the two, being 

 delicately and elegantly formed, and the calves 

 might often at a little distance be mistaken for deer. 



