COURTS OF JUSTICE. 175 



give or enforce orders on any of the native authori- 

 ties, not even the lowest. In the distant parts of 

 the Residency the orders of the Resident are trans- 

 mitted to the Regent, through the Assistant-resi- 

 dent, but the latter officer can give no orders of 

 his own, nor can he interfere directly as to the 

 execution by the native authorities of those orders 

 he transmits to them. As soon as he has communi- 

 cated them to the Regent, they are left to flow on 

 in the native channels, and the result is reported by 

 the Controlloors and Assistant-resident to the Resi- 

 dent himself. Each Controlloor, if I was informed 

 correctly, has to keep a journal, a copy of which 

 he transmits to the Assistant- resident of his district, 

 and also to the general government at Batavia. 



All the government officers, both native and Eu- 

 ropean, besides a regular salary, are allowed a 

 certain per-centage on the produce raised in the 

 district. This per-centage is calculated on the pro- 

 duce of each Residency, and the whole is divided 

 among the officers of that Residency on a scale 

 according to their rank. 



The courts of justice are both native and Euro- 

 pean. In the former, when held in the larger 

 towns, the Assistant- resident presides, assisted by 

 a Secretary and by the Regent, the head of the 

 Chinese and the head of the Malays. All cases 

 against or between Javanese, Chinese, Arabs, and 

 Malays, are tried in these courts. In the remoter 

 parts of the country, the native authority presides 



