EUROPEAN COURTS OF JUSTICE. 181 



No one can travel without a passport, on which is 

 stated where he is going, and by what route, and 

 this must be regularly vised and countersigned by 

 the authorities of every place he passes through. 

 If he should come to any place out of his own dis- 

 trict, even with full permission, and reside there 

 more than six weeks, he is sent for by the Assistant- 

 resident, or other Government officer, to know what 

 is the object of his stay, and why he does not return, 

 and is ordered to return to his own residence by 

 the first opportunity, unless he can give very satis- 

 factory reasons for his remaining where he is. I 

 learnt this fact by an instance which came under my 

 own knowledge in Sourabaya. 



There are European courts of justice at Batavia, 

 Samarang, and Sourabaya, before which all cases 

 against or between Europeans are tried. Each of 

 these courts is composed of a president, four mem- 

 bers, including the circuit judge, agriffier, or secre- 

 tary, and a fiscal, or public prosecutor. There is no 

 jury, but the prisoners are allowed counsel. 



Appeal lies from this court also in all cases above 

 a certain amount to the High Court at Batavia, 

 whose decision is final. All severe punishments for 

 heavy misdemeanors, whether decreed by native or 

 European courts, must be referred to the High Court 

 for approval. This court has the right of mitigating, 

 but not increasing these punishments. 



There is also an institution called the Orphan 

 Chamber. This body takes charge of all bankrupt 

 and intestate estates, both native and European. 



