FAMILY HABITS IN BUTTERFLY LARV.-E — THE PAPIL10NIDS. 39 



great extent the rapidly feeding-up habit of its southern habitats. It 

 :i quite possible that, in all the Nearctic species just mentioned, the 

 over-wintering pupa? comprise individuals from every brood of the 

 preceding year ; this is certainly the case with Jasoniades (jlaucus, 

 which, however, instead of being a subtropical species spreading north, 

 appears to be a warm temperate-region species spreading south. It cer- 

 tainly produces " forwards " inversely in proportion to the latitude it is 

 inhabiting, being reported as absolutely single-brooded in the more 

 northern parts of its range, whilst further south, in suitable seasons, a 

 good many forward larva? are produced resulting in a partial double- 

 brood, the number of "forwards" increasing as one goes south, until, 

 in the Gulf States, it is almost fully quadruple-brooded, though, even 

 here, there are some " laggards " in every brood, the spring-emergence 

 of any year consisting, as noted above, of the combined hybernating 

 pupa? of all the broods of the preceding year. Edwards notes that, of 

 a brood- of J. (jlaucus, reared at Coalburgh, some 50 larva? pupated 

 between July lst-8th, that, of these, 27 gave butterflies the same season, 

 the rest not till the following spring ; he considers, however, that the 

 percentage varies much according to season ; of the " forwards " 

 emerging in July, a small percentage of the larval progeny sometimes 

 feeds ahead, and produces autumnal imagines, but the number is small. 

 In its larval habits Euphoeades troilus is not unlike Jasoniades (jlaucus; 

 in its northern range, E. troilus lays eggs in June, and many of the 

 larva? feed ahead as "forwards," pupating in due course, and produc- 

 ing a large partial second-brood in August, the progeny of which catch 

 up their uncles and aunts in the pupal stage ; in the southern States, 

 the species appears to be wholly double-brooded, without any attempt, 

 however, to produce any " forwards " (or a consequent partial third 

 brood) among these late summer-feeding larva?. 



We know that our European Iphiclides podalirius produces a large 

 number of "forwards" in its southern localities, in fact, its range 

 appears to be to a great extent limited to those districts that allow a 

 double-brood, but details are wanting entirely as to the proportions 

 produced, or how far a third brood occurs, by the development of 

 " forwards " among the larva? resulting from the second-brood. In 

 the allied Iphiclides ajax, however, Edwards observes that " forwards " 

 occur freely in the different broods". Thus the spring form appears in 

 April as var. marcellus, and in Mayas var. telamonides (both from over- 

 wintering pupa?); the eggs laid by these produce respectively about 90 

 and 65 per cent, of " forward" larva?, the imagines from w r hich appear 

 in June as the form ajax ; of the progeny of these June ajax, about 

 40 or 50 per cent, are again "forwards," producing ajax in August and 

 September ; the " laggards " in all these broods, as well as the whole 

 of the August and September larva?, go through winter as pupa?, and 

 produce either var. marcellus in April, or var. telamonides in May ; in 

 the most southern States the percentage of " forwards " is much 

 greater, and there are at least three consecutive partial summer-broods 

 of the ajax form. 



It would appear that many, probably most, of the subtropical species 

 are almost continuously-brooded throughout the greater part of the 

 year, at least that part that is suitable meterologically. Mathew 

 records (Trans. Ent. Hoc. Lond., 1888, p. 176) that Papilio erectheus, a 

 north Australian species, is continuously-brooded from August to 



