6 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



that by July 24th there were eight pupae, and, of the remaining larvae, 

 some were f ullfed, and others yet quite small. Sabine notes that, of a 

 large number of larvae reared from August-laid eggs, in 1904, many 

 had pupated by the end of September, and produced imagines in 

 October, whilst, at the same time, the greater part of the remainder, 

 consisting of some hundreds, were only half-fed, or little more, so that 

 one supposes most would hybernate, as is usual, as larvae, and not 

 attempt to feed up and produce imagines the same autumn. Chapman 

 observed that, on September 3rd, 1906, a small brood of larvae, from 

 eggs laid a fortnight previously, differed to such an extent that one was 

 in the pupal state, two or three girthed up, six or seven nearly full- 

 grown, whilst the remainder were still small, fond of bunching them- 

 selves up almost into little balls, and that they became lethargic on 

 September 12th, eating nothing. The development of "forwards " in 

 Loweia dorilis is also very marked; in the south of Europe, almost all the 

 larvae from the eggs of the spring brood go forward to produce an 

 early summer brood, and these in time to an autumn one ; further 

 north, however, and in cold seasons, this forward habit is much 

 more partial. The larvae resulting from the spring brood of Loweia 

 amphidamas also almost all go forward to the production of a late 

 summer brood. None of Prideaux's larvae of Loweia alcipkron 

 (gordius), in 1905, developed a " forward " habit, but one ceased 

 feeding after the last moult, in May, 1906, shrank somewhat in size, 

 attached itself to the side of its cage, and remained aestivatmg in this 

 situation for about three months ; early in September it again showed 

 signs of activity, recommenced feeding and apparently went on to 

 pupation. Prideaux also notes that, in the summer of 1898, a brood 

 of larvae from a parent 2 of Chrysoplianm hippotho'e, taken in early 

 July at Sal van, began to show an inclination to hybernate late in 

 September, although quite small, except two examples which fed 

 on and produced pupae in the middle of October. Nicholson notes 

 that, in June-Jury, 1892, larvae obtained from June-laid eggs of 

 Chrysophanus dispar, at Budafok, were brought to England; and 

 the few that were brought through were all of the " forward " type, 

 pupating in late July, imagines beingreared during August. Frohawkalso 

 obtained eggs from Austrian 2 s in June, 1906, 413 from three 2 s; these 

 hatched from June 21st ; the larvae fed rapidly and pupated from July 

 12th, the average larval life extending only 21 days ; the imagines com- 

 menced to emerge July 23rd, and, apparently, the whole of the larvae were 

 " forwards." Frohawk further notes (hint., xl., p. 177) that, from Colmar 

 2 s, he also obtained eggs in mid-August, 1906, proving that here the 

 species is, at least, partially double- brooded. Throughout the 

 southern parts of France, Italy, and the lowlands of the Balkan 

 Peninsula and Asia Minor, the species produces a large percentage of 

 " forwards" and a correspondingly large " second- brood," but, in the 

 Berlin district, Gillmer says that the species is single-brooded, although, 

 in confinement, an occasional second-brood example may be reared. 

 The "forwards" usually feed up very rapidly, and the examples of the 

 second-brood are, in consequence, frequently comparatively small. 



Although the larvae of the summer broods of Loweia dorilis go 

 forward with much unanimity, those of the autumn brood hybernate 

 very small from September, until the early warm days of spring, 

 under leaves, etc., whilst, similarly, liiihl observes that the autumn 



