SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 



Chapter I. — Family Habits in Butterfly Larvae — The Chrysophanids, 1. 

 Points of difference between Chrysophanid and Lycsenid larva? ; No 

 symbiotic connection between ants and Chrysophanid larvae ; Food-habit 

 to eat only Polygonaceous plants, 1"; Palrearctic species largely confined 

 to genus Rumex ; Sluggish habits of larva?, 2; Cryptic habit and colour 

 of larva? of Chrysophunus dispar (rutihis), 3 ; of Rumicia phlaeas ; Larval 

 feeding-habits at different stages, 4; "Forward" larva?, of R. phlaeas, etc., 

 5 ; Hybernating-habit and its variation, 6 ; Hybernation of C. dispar . . 7 



Chapter II. — Family Habits in Buttekfly Larv.f;-— The Urbicolids, 8. 

 Ignorance of life-histories as a whole ; Larval habits give two widely 

 separated groups; Food-habit of Hesperiines, 8 ; of Urbicolines ; of 

 Nisoniadids ; Food-habit of subtropical and tropical species, 9 ; Species 

 more or less polyphagous ; Uncertain and varied feeding-period ; Feeding- 

 period of British species, 10; of continental European species; of extra- 

 European species ; General habit in Urbicolids of making a retreat of 

 drawn-together leaves, 11 ; in Nearctic species, 12 ; in tropical species, 

 13; Nest-making of Hesperiines, 14; of continental European species; 

 of Nearctic species, 15; of Nisoniadid species, 16; of tropical species, 

 17; Cleanly habits of larva?, 18; General lethargic habits; Sluggishness 

 of Nearctic Urbicolids, 19 ; Movements having a protective value, 20 ; 

 Powder- glands in many Urbicolines, 21 ; Feeding-habits of Nearctic 

 Urbicolids; Nocturnal feeding-habit, 22 ; "Forward " larva?, 23 ; Larval 

 hybernating-habit; Peculiar resting-position of larva? in their tents, 24 ; 

 Knowledge of Urbicolid larval habits imperlect and scrappy . . 25 



Chapter HI. — Family Habits in Butterfly Laiiv;e — The Papilionids, 25. 

 Possession of osmaterium, a general larval character in group ; Osmateria 

 as developed in various species, 26 ; The scent, its variation and pro- 

 tective utility, 27 ; Larva? of Papilionids generally not gregarious ; Excep- 

 tions, 28 ; Three groups based on resting-habit ; Attitude of larva of P. ma- 

 chaon at different ages, 29; of other species; of Heraclidescresphontes, 30; of 

 Eiq>hoeades troilus ; Attitude of green larva? ; Colour and attitude of 

 Iphiclides podalirius, 31; Sluggish habit of Papilionid larva?, 32; Silk- 

 spinning habit, 33 ; Specialisation of food-habit, 34; in European species; 

 in Nearctic species; ^•m£oZoc//ia-feeding Papilionids, 35; Substitute 

 foods ; Feeding-habits of Papilionid larvae, 36 ; Cannibalistic tendencies ; 

 " Forwards " and " laggards," 37 ; in European and Nearctic species, 3S ; 

 Continuous-broodedness, 39 ; Suggestive indication of Aristoloehia feeders 40 



Family Ruralid/e ; Subfam. Lycjenin.e ; Tribe Everidi, 41. Genera com- 

 prised in the tribe Everidi; Staudinger's and Meyrick's treatment dis- 

 cussed ; Paucity of knowledge of earlier stages ; General characters of the 

 components of the tribe ; Opinions of Moore, de Niceville, Chapman, 41 ; 

 Genitalic characters; Significance of genitalic characters, larval habits, 

 etc. ; Classificatory position of Asiatic species, 42 ; Ancillary appendages 

 of Cupido, of Everes, of Tongeiu, of Binghamia, of Bothria . . .. 43 



Genus Everes, 43. Synonymy, 43 ; Species in Everes, 44 ; Hiibner's diag- 

 nosis ; The genus as considered by various authors since Hiibner ; 

 Scudder's diagnosis of the imago, 45 ; of the egg, 46; of the caterpillar 

 at birth ; of the mature caterpillar ; of the chrysalis ; The Everid neura- 

 tion by de Niceville, 47; General characters of larva and pupa ; General 

 characters of imago ; of the two sexes, 48 ; Larval habits of the tribe ; Food- 

 plants ; Eastern species, List of, 49 ; Classification based on characters of 

 the genitalia ; Distribution .. .. .. .. .. .. ..50 



Everes argiadeb. Synonymy, 50 ; Original description; Imago; Sexual 

 dimorphism; Variation, 53; Most striking forms ? of upperside, 54; 

 Aberrations, 55 ; Early description of best known forms, 57 ; Considera- 

 tion of four chief forms, 58 ; Seasonal dimorphism, 59 ; European forms ; 

 var. polysperchon, 60 ; Variation and distribution, 61; ab. bergstrasseri : 

 ab. jodina, 68 ; ab. tircsiax, 64 ; ab. depuncta ; ab. caeca : ab. striata, 65 ; 

 Asiatic Kaces ; General description of Indian forms, de Niceville, 66; 



