84 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



(O02mm. long), with a completely recurved, i.e., pointing basally, 

 hooked termination. The general skin-surface is minutely spiculated 

 with transparent points (Chapman). 



Foodplants. — Medicayo lupulina, M. falcata, Trifolium pratense, 

 T. arvense, T. repents, Anthyllis vulneraria, Pisicm sativa (Zeller) ; Coro- 

 nilla varia (Rossler) ; Genista (Lam billion) ; Lotus corniculatus, leaves, 

 seeds, and flowers of common white and red clover (Frohawk) ; Colutea 

 arborescens (Aigner-Abafi) ; Onobrychis sativa (de Selys-Longchamps) ; 

 Cylista scariosa (in India) (Bell) ; [Rhamnus franyula (de Selys-Long- 

 champs) wants confirmation] . [For foodplants of the American 

 forms see antea p. 73.] 



Pupation. — The pupa is supported by a cremaster, and by a girth 

 that crosses in front of the 1st abdominal segment (Chapman). The 

 hybernating larvae become active in the beginning of April ; on leaving 

 their hybernacula, a dried curled-up elder-leaf appeared so eminently 

 suitable for pupation that five larvae crawled inside it, and pupated there, 

 whilst only one spun up on the paper. The larvae spun a silken floor 

 and, on April 11th, the two earliest had become pupae, the rest follow- 

 ing in a few days. They are fixed at the anal extremity and have a 

 girth round the middle of the body to the silken resting-place. The 

 pupal period of the spring chrysalids lasts about twelve days (Zeller). 

 The fullfed larva of the August brood spins a silken pad over a leaf, 

 and attaches itself thereto by the anal hooks and by a silken girth 

 round the body, and thus pupates. The usual position is in the 

 centre of a leaf, and the general resemblance, both in form and colour, 

 between a decaying Lotus leaf and the pupa, is very similar. The 

 pupal stage lasts from ten to fourteen days, according to temperature 

 (Frohawk). Edwards notes (Can. Ent., viii., p. 203) that, when 

 about to pupate, the larva of corny ntas remains motionless for several 

 hours, usually on the upper surface of a leaf, the green shade becoming 

 gradually yellowish, then red rusty- brown, and a loop is thrown 

 over the body almost mid-length. When the change has occurred, 

 the shape and appearance of the green ch^salis are so like those of 

 the larva as to require some inspection to discover whether it is a 

 chrysalis or no, lying flat on the leaf, the upperside rounded and of 

 almost exactly the larval shape ; to make the resemblance still closer, 

 the chrysalis is as hairy as the larva. Scudder observes (Butts. New 

 Engl., ii., p. 916) that, on August 5th, a fullfed larva took up a definite 

 position on the upper surface of a leaf ; the next day it was less visible, 

 and was observed to have woven two overhanging leaves with a web of 

 silk, so as entirely to conceal it from view above ; on the morning of 

 August 27th, it had spun a loose band across its body, and, noticing 

 that the overhanging leaves seemed now still a little nearer, it was 

 discovered that the tip of one was attached by a few very slight long- 

 threads, at considerable distance from each other, to the leaf on which 

 it rested ; the head of the larva is completely concealed whilst it is 

 resting for pupation to take place. Abbot observes that the pupal 

 period of the summer insects, in Georgia, lasts from June 6th-24th. 



Pupa. — The pupaisgreyish-ochreous, sprinkled all over with black, 

 or rather blackish -grey, dots, less than 0-lmm. in diameter, which 

 tend to accumulate into a dark dorsal line, whilst, again, there is a 

 black spot above the spiracle. Each extremity of the 1st abdominal 

 segment has a conspicuous black mark. What strikes one most, how- 



