102 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



" Gross- Schmett.," i., p. 295 (1892-5); Staud., "Cat.," 3rd ed., p. 89 (1901); 

 Lamb., "Pap. Belg.," p. 243(1902). Zephryus, Dalm., " Handl.," p. 96 (1816). 

 Nomiades, Hb., "Verz.," p. 67 (1816-18); Stphs., "lllus.," iv., supp., p. 404 

 (1834), Scudd., "Hist. Sketch," p. 228 (1875). Pithecops, Horsf., "Cat. Lep. 

 E.I.C.Mus.." p. 66(1828). Argus, Dup., " Pap. Fr.," supp. i., p. 389 (1832); Zett., 

 " Ins. Lapp.," p. 912(1840). [Polyommatus-] Nomiades, Stphs., "List," lsted., 

 p. 19 (1850); 2nd ed., p. 17 (1856). Zizera, Moore, "Lep. Ceyl.," i., p. 78, in 

 part, type only (1881); de Nicev., "Butts. Ind.," hi., p. Ill, in part, type only 

 (1890); Leech, "Butts. China," ii., p. 323 (1894); Kirby, " Handbook, etc.," ii., 

 p. 105, pi. xlix., figs. 4-5 (1896); South, " Brit. Butts.," i., p. 176, pi. cxiv.-cxv., 

 figs. 1-8 (1906). 



As we understand it, the genus Cupido contains a very small num- 

 ber of closely allied Everid species, of which minimus, Fuess., and 

 sebrus, Bdv. are the best known. The name, however, was created by 

 Schrank for the whole of the Ruralides, and his hugely heterotypical 

 genus is diagnosed (Fauna Boica, ii., pt. i., p. 153) as follows : — 



Antennae : threadlike, clubbed at the tip ; the club longish, flattened. Feet : 

 six, almost alike. Wings : almost alike, erect when at rest. 



Its comprehensiveness may be gleaned by his later treatment of it 

 (op. cit. pp. 206-220). It includes all the "coppers," " blues," and 

 " hairstreaks," and is practically identical with Linne's Burales, Bork- 

 hausen's Plebeii- Pair ales, and Fabricius' Burales. He subdivides it 

 into the same three natural sections as SchifYermuller and Denis, 

 Borkhausen, etc. His short diagnosis of these groups reading as 

 follows : — 



Cupido. — A. Shiny-gold butterflies with narrow shield-like larvae. Feet : the 

 first pair smaller. Wings : with black spots and dots beneath ; the hindwings 

 with an orange-coloured marginal stripe, and the hind-margin somewhat angular, 

 often much shaded with black. Larva : onisciform, with short hairs : the hairs 

 reddish; the head brownish. Metamorphosis: near the earth into a very blunt, 

 brownish pupa, which is fastened strongly with threads at the centre and round 

 the abdomen. 



(a) The <? s almost unspotted. — C. virgaureae, L.; C. hippotho'e* W.V.; C. 

 chryseis, W.V. 



(b) Both sexes spotted. — G. pldaeas, W.V.; C. circe, W.V. 



B. Butterflies with many eye-spots, with convex shield-like larvas. Wings : 

 blue above (in the j), or (more often in the ? ) blackish; beneath greyish, with 

 many eye-spots. Larva : onisciform, of fairly even breadth, fairly convex, 

 generally brightly coloured. Metamorphosis : into a whitish, dark-spotted, naked 

 pupa, on the stem of a plant, or half in the earth. 



(a) Without reddish-yellow transverse band on the underside of the hindwing 

 — C. arion, Goze, G. alcon, W.V., C. acis, W.V., C. damon, W.V., C. damoetas, 

 W.V. (cyllarus, Esp.), C. argiolus, W.V. 



(b) With an orange-spotted band on the hind-margin of the wings beneath — 

 G. eurnedon, Esp., C. corydon, Scop., G. adonis, W.V. (bellargus, Esp.), C. alexis, 

 W.V. (icarus, Esp.), C. agestis, W.V. (alexis, Scop.), C. argus, W.V., G. battus, 

 W.V. (telephii, Goze), G. puer, Schrk. (minimus, Fuess. + tiresias, Sys. Besch., 

 260 + pseudolus, Bkh.). 



C. Butterflies with a small tail, with flat shield-like larvae. Wings : on the 

 underside of the hindwing a white transverse streak or a row of white spots, a 

 small tail on the margin. Larva : onisciform, smaller towards the back part ; with 

 short, fine hair throughout its length. Metamorphosis : into a somewhat rough 

 pupa, flat beneath, much raised above ; on plants, to which they fasten themselves 

 with several threads drawn over the back — C. rubi, W.V., betulae, L., quercus, 

 Goze, pruni, W.V., spini, W.V. 



Between 1816 and 1818, Hiibner used (Verz., p. 77) the generic 

 name Cupido for three species, C. lif/er, Cram., C. amor, Fab. (triopas 

 Cram.), C. chrysus, Cram., none of which is included among Schrank's 



* Hippotho'e = rutilus , and chryseis — hippotho'e. 



