120 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



pupating until the following May (Gartner). When fullfed, the larvae 

 select a suitable place for hybernation, and, spinning a silken web, 

 attach themselves thereto, and take up a fixed position for the winter, 

 being, apparently, somewhat averse to disturbance during this period. 

 The position taken up is maintained until the end of the following 

 May or June, the larva remaining perfectly still for some nine months 

 or more, before pupation. Rayward notes finding fullfed larvae on 

 July 12th, and again on August 9th, 1906, at Horsley. Chapman 

 states (in litt.) that, in hiding away for the winter, the larva, so far as 

 its proceedings in captivity show, seems to desire to reach some hollow 

 or crevice. Several specimens made use of the remains of dead flower- 

 heads of Anthyllis lying on the bottom of the box, to make what must 

 be called a cocoon, although it consisted of very few threads, and gave 

 way on very slight disturbance ; one actually in the middle of a head 

 had drawn the surrounding calyces together rather more firmly, but 

 still very slightly, but what one remarked was, that, slight as the 

 spinning was, it had drawn the dead flowers together, so that the 

 larva could not be seen until some pulling to pieces was done. " For- 

 wards " are occasionally developed in the southern parts of England 

 and in central Europe, and most warm seasons produce a more or less 

 numerous partial second-brood of imagines in late July or early 

 August, the progeny of which are usually fullfed in September. This 

 number of " forwards " is much greater in southern Europe. Wood 

 observes that, on September 3rd, 1905, whilst searching among Helian- 

 themum vulgare, near Ashford, he discovered a larva, apparently fullfed, 

 and settled for hybernation low down on a stem of this plant. Lam- 

 billion says that the larvae hybernate under the leaves of the foodplants, 

 very near the axil. The habits of the larvae appear to be much the same in 

 Germany as elsewhere, and Schmid and Stange record the finding of 

 larvae in the blossoms of Anthyllis vulneraria, whilst Muhlig discovered 

 them in the blossoms and seedpods of the same plant. Zeller states (Stett. 

 Ent. Ztg., 1877, p. 293) that the larva lives in the pods of different 

 Papilionaceous plants ; near Jena in those of Astragalus glycyphyllos 

 and A. cicer ; at Tuors Pensch, in those of a tall herbaceous papilio- 

 naceous plant with pale yellow blossoms, out of which they crept in 

 numbers in August after the withering of the foodplant, the larva living 

 through the winter, and pupating the following April. Schlager also 

 found larvae in August in the pods of the same two species of Astragalus. 

 Aigner-Abafi, however, records (Illus. Zeits. fur Ent., iii., p. 328) that, 

 in 1897, whilst searching for larvae of Nomiades iolas in the pods of 

 Colutea arborescens, near Budapest, he found, in the pods, the larvae of 

 C. minimus, hitherto, he says, only known in the district from Coronilla 

 varia and Melilntus. He further adds that Szepligeti found the larva 

 of C. minimus in the seed-heads of Sanguisorba, from which he bred 

 quite normal examples. 



Larva. — When newly-hatched exceedingly tiny, dirty whitish-green 

 in colour , head black, a dark area on prothorax, the tubercles with 

 longish hairs; after a day or two the colour becomes somewhat reddish, 

 at the end of a week pale brown, with browner dorsal and subdorsal 

 lines (Hellins). Eirst instar (newly-hatched): Almost colourless, 

 except black head, and legs, and hairs, though the hairs are pale at 

 first emergence. The length is a bare millimetre, and the head is pro- 

 portionally large (about 0'25mm. across). The prothorax is also pro- 



