CUPIDO MINIMUS. 133 



broods are mentioned or assumed, e.g., end of June, and a single 

 example once on August 17tb, near Friesland, in Mecklenburg (Stange); 

 in tbe Rhine Provinces at least partially double-brooded, May and 

 July at Crefeld, the first-brood much more abundant than the second 

 (Rothke); partially double-brooded, occurring in June and August at 

 Wiesbaden (Prideaux); in May, and throughout the whole summer, in 

 Baden (Gauckler); early May, and again in July, in Hesse (Rossler); 

 May- June, and again in July- August, in Thuringia (KrieghofT); May 

 and August, in the Hartz (Fischer); April-May, and again in July, in 

 the Trebnitz mountains in Silesia (Doring); but at Bitke, from June 

 10th-30th, and not double-brooded (Nohr); May, and again in July, 

 are noted for the Kingdom of Saxon}' (Steinert); May, and end of July, 

 in Bavaria (Schmid); sometimes the first brood as early as the end of 

 April (Kranz). In the south of Finland it appears to be only single- 

 brooded, occurring in May and June (Federley); in May and June, in 

 Scandinavia (W alien gren); but in the Netherlands, May and July are 

 recorded (Snellen); and in Belgium, May-June, and August- September 

 (Lambillion). In Austria, the insect is considered to be generally 

 double-brooded, occurring in April and July (Hofner), these months 

 being given for Salzburg (Richter); it is noted in May and July, in 

 Bohemia (Nickerl), and in May- June, and July- August, in Upper 

 Austria (Hirasl); whilst in Lower Austria, Fritsch gives April (21st)- 

 May (6th). and notes a partial brood as late as October (12th-13th), 

 he also gives April-May and July for the Tyrol; April-May and 

 July-August for Styria (Hofner), where also, May, June, and early 

 July are given for the Styrian Alps (Kiefer); May to mid- June, and 

 from mid-July to end of August in Croatia (Grand). In Hungary it 

 is stated to be double-brooded, viz., early May to mid- June, and end of 

 June to early August (Aigner-Abafi). In Bosnia and Hercegovina 

 it appears to be double-brooded (Rebel). In the Baltic Provinces, it 

 occurs from mid-May through June, into July (Nolcken). In Switzer- 

 land occurs as two broods April-June, and in xAugust, in the lowlands, 

 but single-brooded in July to August, in the mountains* (Wheeler); 

 occurs in May in Ticino, at Locarno (Chapman), but in the mountains 

 at Piora, just emerging in early. August (Tutt); in the Geneva district 

 it occurs in April, but is abundant in May, and occurs up to July 

 (dates from April 9th- July 17th) (Blachier); in the Albula Valley it 

 was in great plenty on May 24th m the Tuorsthal, and common in 

 the meadows until July, and throughout the latter month at Weissen- 

 stein,in 1871, 1871, and 1875 (Zeller), whilst it still occurred on August 

 18th-19th, 1907, at Weissenstem (Tutt), and on July 11th, 1878, at the 

 head of the Albula Pass, surrounded by unmelted snow (Elwes). The 

 times of appearance in Southern Europe are not recorded with any 



* Chapman remarks (in litt.) on tbe fixity of tbe single-brooded habit of this 

 species in Switzerland (and elsewhere). He writes : " Jts date of appearance 

 coincides with the time of flowering of Anthyllis. At Glion, 1908, the date of 

 flight was probably mid-]\Iay, and in early July the larvae were fullfed. Some 

 hundreds of larvae were taken and distributed to various correspondents, and some 

 I kept myselt, but not one of all these pupated in 1908 ; nor have I heard of any 

 larva pupating the same year. In such a country as Switzerland, tbe butterfly has 

 a long period of flight, extending to micl-.\ugust or later, at, or above, 6000ft., but 

 that is the date of the flowering of Anthyllis at that elevation, and, though the 

 butterfly is then on the wing, it was not so at that place any earlier ; the flight for 

 any one locality is not a prolonged one." 



