222 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



grown. One dark larva has the brown dorsal band with white margins, 

 and a white lateral line ; the intermediate area (slope) is brownish-olive, 

 deepening to a warmer flesh-colour along its margins, i.e., against the 

 white lines, and divided in the middle by a broad oblique band on each 

 segment, sloping downwards and backwards, and consisting of four 

 separate lines, an upper whitish, a second deep olive-green, then 

 another whitish, and the fourth, lowest, a reddish-brown. In some 

 larvae the green is clear, in others, it has an olive tendency. The 

 oblique lines exist in all, but in the palest larva? they are represented 

 only by lighter and darker greens (Chapman). 



Foodplants. — Genista vulgaris (Borkbausen), Volute a (Hiibner), 

 Lotus eorniculatus, Ononis spinosa, Volutea arborescens, Erica (Zeller), 

 Trifolium montanum (Assmuss, Eiihl), Ornithopus perpusillus (Buckler), 

 Jjlex europaeus, blossoms and young shoots (Hawes), Erica cinerea 

 (Prideaux), C'alluna vulgaris (Plotz, Rothke), Dorycniuin suffruticonum 

 (Powell), Melilotus officinalis, Hedysarum (Duponchel), Onobrychis 

 sativa (Kranz, Dutreux), Genista anglica (Biihl), Melilotus alba, 

 Astragalus (Curo), Plantago coronopus (Chapman), Sarot/tawnus 

 vulgaris, Genista germanica (Schneider, Duponchel), Cytisus laburnum, 

 C. austriacus (Huttner, Kranz), Genista tinctoria (Brittinger, Bichter), 

 Vicia (Hofner, Ruhl). 



Puparium. — The larva, when preparing for pupation, seems to seek 

 a smooth surface above the level of the ground, and away from its 

 food. Here it becomes stationary, often with the head downwards, if 

 on a vertical surface ; sometimes it gets underneath a flat surface, so as 

 to be back downwards. Little silk is visible, and only a stray thread 

 or two are sometimes seen that may represent, but are very far from 

 resembling, either a cocoon or a girth. When it changes, the larva 

 skin is quite loose and falls away, and the pupa is attached by its 

 cremaster, but so slightly, that the slightest disturbance loosens it 

 (Chapman, May, 1908). The full-fed larvae spin a few strands of silk, 

 pulling a few slender stems together round them, close to the ground ; 

 in this they change to pup», apparently not attached by the anal 

 hooks, but suspended in the silken web (Frobawk). Buckler notes 

 that the larvae he reared in 1868, had turned to pupa? by June 24th, 

 one of them being slightly attached to a stem of Ornitkopus by the 

 anal extremity, and lying, like the others, amongst a few loose threads 

 at the "very bottom of the stems, and partly in the earth. Auri villi us 

 announces {Ent. Tids., v., p. 227) that, in northern Smaland, he found 

 six papa 1 of /'. argus (aegon) under the bark of a pine-trunk inhabited 

 by Lasius niger. The chrysalides were found in the cavities made ami 

 frequented by the ants and were enveloped in coverings of exceeding 

 thinness and transparency. It is difficult, he says, to attribute the 

 presence of the pupa 4 in the ant-colony to chance, and thinks that 

 possibly their presence had some connection with the sweet fluid which 

 has already been observed as being secreted by some larva 4 of the 

 Lycamids. Buckler notes that, of the larva? he reared in 1868, the 

 last had changed to pupa by June 24th, and the last butterfly emerged 

 July 17th, giving a pupal period of about 23 days. Frobawk note> of 

 those he reared m 189H, that the first larva pupated on June 22nd, 

 and the first imago emerged on July 10th, a period of 18 days. Paul 

 and Plotz ,^ r ive the pupal period, in l.'omerania, as 11 days. 



Pupa. — Living pupa: Larger and narrower than usual in Lyccenids. 



