CYANIRIS SEMIARGUS. 253 



detection of other imaginal characters that will be useful for the 

 purpose. At present, the genitalia stand alone in supporting any 

 characters afforded by the earlier stages and habits. The genitalia of 

 Cyaniris have already been described (an tea pp. 156-7). 



The determination of the actual species to be included in our 

 limited genus lies with the future. At present, C. semiargus, Rott., 

 C. coelestina, Evers., C. alticola, Christoph, and C. persephatta, Alph., 

 are the only species that may certainly be referred here. The $? s of 

 these species are not dissimilar in general appearance (except in size), 

 but C. persephatta does not exhibit any of the marked, sexual colour 

 dimorphism that characterises 0. semiargus and C. coelestina, the $ 

 and ? both being brown, the J alone having, in fine specimens, a 

 few blue hairs at the base of the wings. They are all purely Palae- 

 arctic in their distribution, C. semiargus having an extended range over 

 the whole of Europe and Asia, C. coelestina in the Russian Urals, C, 

 alticola (perhaps a local form of coelestina) in Russian Armenia, C. 

 persephatta occurring locally only in Central Asia. 



Cyaniris semiargus, von Rottemburg. 



Synonymy. — Species : Semiargus, Rott., " Naturf.," vi., p. 20, no. 6 (1775) ; 

 Goze, "Ent. Beitr.," iii., pt. 2, p. 55 (1780); Geoffr., " Fourc. Ent. Paris.," p. 

 245(1785); Bkh., " Sys. Beschr.," i., pp. 172, 282 (1788); h\, p. 234 (1789); 

 Herbst, "Nat. Syst. Ins.," xi., p. 177 (1804); Oken, "Lehrb.," ii., p. 718 (1815); 

 Hein., " Scbmett. Deutschl.," i., p 73 (1859); Staud., " Cat.," 1st. ed., p. 6 (1861); 

 Kirby, "Man.," p. 110 (1862); Rossi., " Schmett. Nass.," p. 16 (1866); Snell., 

 "De Vlind.," i., p. 57 (1867); Berce, "Fn. France," p. 147 (1867); Nolck., 

 "Lep. Fn. EstL," i., p. 58 (1868) ; Kirby, " Syn. Cat.," p. 372 (1871); Staud., 

 "Cat.," 2nd ed., p. 14 (1871) ; Mill., "Cat. Lep. Alp. -Mar.," p. 101 (1872); 

 Bang-Haas, "Nat. Tids.," 3rd ser., ix., p. 394 (1874) ; Curd, "Bull. Soc. Ent. 

 Ital.," vi., p. 113 (1874) ; Scudd., "Hist. Sketcb," p. 228 (1875); Sand, " Lep. 

 Ber. Auv.," p. 7 (1879); Peyerim., "Lep. Als.," p. 25 (1880); Rossi., "Lep. 

 Wiesb.," p. 31 (1881); Kirby, "Eur. Butts;,' v p. 46 (1882): Jourdh., "Lep. 

 Aube," p. 19 (1883) ; Lang, "Butts. Eur.," p. 129, pi. xxxi., fig. 5 (1884) ; Kane, 

 "Eur. Butts.," p. 49 (1885); Lampa, "Ent. Tids.," vi., p. 15 (1885); Kill., "Ins. 

 Graub.," p. 21 (1886); Auriv., " Nord. Fjar.," p. 15 (1888); Riihl, " Pal. Gr.- 

 Schmett.," pp. 296, 767 (1892-5) ; Meyr., " Hndbk.," p. 345 (1895) ; Tutt, " Brit. 

 Butts.," p. 164, pi. ii., figs. 8-9 (1896) ; Kirby, " Hndbk.," etc., ii., p. 106, pi. xlix., 

 figs., 6-7 (1896); Grote, "Schmett. Hild.," p. 42 (1897); Favre, "Macr.-Lep. 

 Val.," p. 23 (1899) ; Staud., "Cat.," 3rd ed., pt. L, p. 89 (1901) ; Fleck, " Macr.- 

 Lep. Ruman.," p. 22 (1901); Lamb., "Lep. Belg.," p. 246(1902): Wheel., 

 "Butts. Switz.," etc., p. 25 (1903) ; South, " Brit. Butts.," p. 177, pi. cxv., figs. 

 9-12(1906); Tutt, "Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep.," viii., p. 313 (1906); "Ent. Rec," 

 xviii., pp. 131-2 (1906). Acis,* Schiff., " Schmett. Wien," 1st ed., p. 182 (1775); 

 Lang, "Verz.," 2nd ed., p. 56 (1789); Scriba, "Journ.," p. 119 (1791); Bkh., 

 " Rhein. Mag.," L, p. 283 (1793) ; 111., " Schmett. Wien," 2nd ed., p. 264 (1801) ; 

 Schrank, "Fn. Boica," ii., pt. i., p. 210 (1801) ; Herbst, " Nat. Sys. Ins.," xi., 

 p. 177, pi. cccx., figs. 1-3 (1804); Lasp., "111. Mag.," iv., p. 63 (1804) ; Latr., 

 " Hist. Nat. Crust.," xiv., p. 120 (1805); Ochs., " Schmett. Sachs.," p. 306 (1805); 

 "Die Scbmett.," i., pt. 2, p. 14 (1808); iv., p. 25 (1816); Hb., " Verz.," p. 67 

 (1816-18); Godt., " Enc. Meth.," ix., p. 703 (1819); "Pap. Fr.," i., p. 224, pi. 

 xi. sec, fig. 7, pi. xi. quart., fig. 4 (1821); Curt., "Brit. Ent.," fo. 9 (1824); 

 Stepbs., " Illus. Haust.," i., p. 86 (1828) ; " Ins. Cat.," 1st ed., ii., p. 23 (1829) ; 



* Ocbsenheimer writes (Die Schmett., i., pt. 2, pp. 14-15, footnote) : "Although 

 in the Schiffermiiller collection, which I have examined, Papilio argiolus, Linn., 

 is found under the name P. acis, by wbich Fabricius and Hiibner were both led 

 into error, the specific characters of P. acis and the remarks of the authors 

 (Schmett. Wien, p. 183) allow of no doubt that they recognised in their P. acis the 

 present species, and in P. argiolus the Linnean species of this name. The name 

 semiargus is to be preferred as the older, but it is compounded and, therefore, 

 against the rule for the construction of names." 



