Dr. J. Croll on the Transformation of Gravity. 249 



time and space to the transformation of energy, it will be 

 necessary to treat the subject in a more general and abstract 

 form, so as to subject the process to a closer analysis. 



Time and Space in relation to Existence. — If we assume 

 the objective reality of time and space, we must affirm that 

 every thing which exists must exist in time and space. But 

 although existence necessarily implies time and space, it does 

 not necessarily imply any measurable quantity or amount 

 of time and space. A thing which exists, no matter what 

 it may be, exists in the absolute and indivisible moment. 

 Continued existence, of course, necessarily implies an amount 

 or measurable quantity of time, but not more existence abs- 

 tractly considered. 



The same does not, however, hold universally true in regard 

 to space ; for whether the existence of a thing necessarily im- 

 plies an extension or measurable quantity of space depends 

 upon whether the thing possesses extension or not. For 

 example, thoughts, feelings, emotions, &c, and other mental 

 phenomena must exist in space, but do not require extension 

 in space. Length, breadth, and thickness have no application 

 to thought or to feelings. A mathematical point, for example, 

 has position in space, but it does not occupy space. 



Time and Space in relation to Change. — Lapse of time is 

 necessarily implied in the very conception of change. Change 

 is the passing from one state to another. The thing changed 

 is first in the one state, and afterwards in the other. It 

 cannot be in the two different states at the same moment. 



Change does not, however, necessarily imply a quantitative 

 amount of space as it does of time. Change implies succes- 

 sion of moments of time, the one following the other ; but it 

 does not necessarily imply a succession of positions in space. 

 There can be no change without change of position in time ; 

 but there may be change without change of position in space. 

 Change of thought, feelings, &c. do not imply change of 

 position in sj)ace. It may be true, or it may not, that mental 

 change cannot take place without some change in our material 

 organism (say, of the brain) ; but nevertheless the most rigid 

 materialist will admit that change of thought itself does not 

 imply change of position in space. Even in material objects 

 change does not always imply change of position. A body 

 may also be conceived to increase or decrease in density with- 

 out any change in the position of its particles. Change of in- 

 tensive quantity does not imply change of position in space. 



Time and Space in relation to Transformation of energv. 

 — It will be perceived at once that lapse of time is necessarily 

 implied in the very conception of transformation. Transfor- 



