On the Permians of the No7*th-east oj England. 473 



formable, the Permian formation being nearly horizontal, and the 

 Coal-measures dipping at an angle of 15° to the north-east. At the 

 western end of the tnnnel another fault lets down the Permian 

 12 feet ; the Coal-measures are consequently lost to sight, until again 

 brought up by another fault on the other side of the village. The 

 author considers that the Permian strata are closely related to the 

 overlying Trias, and are unconformable to the Coal-measures. 



Here and there patches of drift were met with, but almost en- 

 tirely in the Bunter country, owing to the friable nature of that 

 deposit. These patches are probably the remnants of a drift once 

 more widely spread. 



Traces of drift on the Keuper country are remarkably few. Two 

 patches have been preserved by a fault on the north-eastern side of 

 Nottingham. 



In a cutting on a new line of the Midland Railway it is found 

 that the Avicula-contorta shales have been removed by evident 

 glacial action, and redeposited among other materials on the planed 

 and striated surface of the indurated greenish-grey marls of the 

 lowest Rhaetic strata. 



19. " On the Permians of the North-east of England and their 

 Relations to the under- and overlying Formations." By E. Wilson, 

 Esq., F.G.S. 



The author describes, as follows, the same section as that noticed 

 in the preceding paper : — Lower Bunter, 30 feet ; breccia of various 

 slates and grits <fcc, underlain by red and yellow mottled and grey 

 sandstones, considered by the author to be passage-beds between 

 the Bunter and the Permian formations ; these are followed by 

 ordinary Permian marls, 21 feet ; Magnesian Limestone, 33 feet ; 

 slate-coloured thin-bedded sandstones and shales, with a breccia at 

 the base, 19 to 20 feet. The breccia rests in a series of very gentle 

 undulations on a planed-ofT surface of Coal-measure shales which dip 

 in a north-easterly direction at an angle of 15°. This unconformity 

 between the Coal-measures and the almost horizontal Permians is 

 most pronounced, a fact long ago pointed out by Prof. Sedgwick, and 

 tends to confirm the supposition of the pre-Permian elevation and 

 denudation of the Penine axis. 



The author considers the breccia at the base of the Permian, and 

 possibly that of the Lower Bunter, to be of glacial origin. The 

 paucity of life in the intervening beds might thus be accounted for. 



20. " The Section at High Force, Teesdale." By C. T. Clough, 

 Esq., B.A., F.G.S. 



The section described by the author (in descending order) is as 

 follows: — Basalt, 24 feet; altered shale, 1| foot; basalt, 6 feet ; 

 altered shale, 12 feet; limestone, 32 feet. The second stratum of 

 basalt has been erroneously described in Phillips's ' Geology of York- 

 shire ' as " plate " or shale, whereas it is merely an underflow of the 

 basalt. About 20 yards below the Force the lower and intercalated 



