30 ACANTHOPTERYGII. 



Second group — Pagrina. 

 Cutting teeth in front of jaws : and molars along the sides. 



Genus III. — Pagrus, Cuvier. 



Chrysophrys, Cuvier: Argyrops and Chrysoblephus, Swainson : Sparus, Bleeker, 

 1877. 



JBranchiostegals six : pseudobranchice present. Jaws tvith an anterior row of 

 conical or compressed canines, and laterally two, three or even four rows of rounded 

 molars. A single dorsal fin with from 11 to 13,' 'sometimes elongated, spines, receivable 

 into a groove at their base : anal with three. Scales of moderate size, extending on 

 to the cheeks. Air-bladder usually simple, but sometimes notched or with short 

 appendages. Pyloric appendages, when present, in small numbers. 



The Genus Pagrus Cuvier is divided from Chrysophrys Cuvier, owing to the 

 first merely possessing 2 rows of rounded molars laterally, which in the last may 

 be augmented to 3 or even 4. But even in Pagrus vulgaris, a rudimentary internal 

 third row may he observed, and in species of Chrysophrys, a considerable latitude 

 in the mode of dentition is perceptible. Thus in Chrysophrys Cuvieri * Day, the 

 anterior teeth are conical, while the size of the molars is far less than seen in 

 typical species of Chrysophrys. I have for these and other reasons adopted 

 Steindachners views in considering the two as portions of the same genus. 



Geographical distribution. — From the southern shores of the British Isles, 

 Atlantic and Indian Oceans : Mediterranean and Red Sea to Australia. 



1. Pagrus vulgaris, Plate XL 



n'aypog, Aristot. viii, c. 13, 17. 



Pagrus, Rondel, v. c. 15, p. 142 ; Artedi, Genera, p. 36. Orphus, Gesner, 1598, 

 f. 27, c. fig. ; Jonston, lib. i, t. iii, c. i, art. v, p. 68, t. xviii, f. 8. Sparus, No. 4, 

 Artedi, Genera, p. 36 ; Duhamel, iv, c. 2, p. 29. 



Sparus pagrus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 460 ; Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 94 ; Shaw, 

 Zool. iv, p. 408 ; Risso, Ich. Nice, p. 241 ; De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii, p. 317 ; 

 Martens, Reise nach Venedig. ii, p. 425. 



Sparus argenteus, Bl. Schn. p. 271. 



Aurata orphus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii, p. 356. 



Pagrus pagrus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii, p. 360. 



Pagrus vulgaris, Cuv. and Yal. vi, p. 142, pi. cxlviii ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. (Ed. 1, 

 2 and 3 figure not description) ; Val. in Webb and Berthel. Hist. Nat. Isles Canar. 

 Poiss. p. 32 ; Guichen. Explr. Sc. Alger. Poiss. p. 49 ; Gunther, Catal. i, p. 466 ; 

 Steindach. Ich. Span. u. Port. 1867, p. 53. 



Pagrus orphus, Cuv. and Val. vi, p. 150, pi. cxlix; White, Catal. Brit. Fish. 

 p. 17 ; Yal. in Webb and Berth. Hist. Nat. Isles Canar. Poiss. p. 32 ; Gunther, 

 Catal. i. p. 467; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes (Ed. 3) ii, p. 142, c. fig. and vignette of 

 teeth. 



Couch's sea-Bream, Couch, Zool. 1843, i, p. 81, c. fig. and Fish. Brit. Isles, i, 

 p. 231, pi. Iii. 



Pagellus Bondeletii, Couch, Zool. 1846, p. 1406 ; Yarrell's, Brit. Fish. 2nd 

 Supp. p. 4. 



B. vi, D. ^, P. 15, Y. 1/5, A. f, C. 17, L. 1. 53—58, L. tr. 7/17, Ccec. pyl. 5. 



Length of head 3| to 4j, of caudal fin 4| to 5, height of body 2| to 3| in the 

 total length. Eye — diameter 3J to 4 in the length of the head, 1 to 2 diameters 

 from the end of the snout, and 2 apart. Interorbital space convex. Upper profile 

 from the dorsal fin to the eye parabolic, from thence it abruptly descends to the 

 mouth, which descent is usually most vertical in old examples. The maxilla 



* Day, Fishes of India, i, p. 141, pi. xxxiv, f. 3. 



