CARANGIDiE. 123 



Family, XII— CARANGLLVE, Gunther. 



Scomberoidei pt. et Squamipinnes, pt. Cuvier : Scombrioidce., pt. Richardson. 



Branchiostegals seven, occasionally less : pseudobranchiae present (absent 

 in Lichia and Trachynotus). Body oblong", elevated, or sub-cylindrical and 

 compressed. Gill-openings wide. Eyes lateral. No bony articulation between 

 preopercle and infraorbitals. Dentition varied: teeth, when present, conical. 

 Base of spinous dorsal of less extent than the rayed portion, and occasionally 

 formed of isolated spines : sometimes detached Unlets at the end of dorsal and 

 anal fins. Anal spines, when present, may or may not be continuous with 

 the fin. Ventrals, when present, thoracic, sometimes rudimentary. Scales 

 usually small or absent. Lateral-line may be partially or entirely armed 

 with shield-like plates. Air-bladder present. Pyloric appendages usually 

 numerous. Vertebrae 10/14 (Numerates 10/16). 



The young of many genera of fishes of this family have the head variously 

 armed, but such armature is absorbed before they reach the adult age. 



Geographical distribution. — From as far north as Denmark and Sweden, 

 through most of the temperate and tropical seas of both hemispheres. 



Genus I. — Caranx, Lacepede. 



Trachurus, Olistus, Blepharis, Gallichthys, Scyris, and Hymns, Cuv. and Val. ; 

 Trachinus, Swainson ; Megalaspis, Decapterus, Selar, Caravgichthys, Carangoides, 

 Leioglossus, Uraspis, Selaroides, Gnathanodon, and Hemicaranx, Bleeker ; Carangus, 

 Girard ; Trachurops, Carangops, and Paratractus, Gill. 



Branchiostegals seven : pseudobranchiai present. Body oblong, sub-cylindrical, 

 and more or less compressed. Cleft of mouth of moderate depth. Eyes lateral, 

 with or without adipose lids. Teeth generally tueak. Tivo dorsal fins : the first 

 continuous, having about eight weak spines, which are sometimes rudimentary, at 

 its base anteriorly is a recumbent, fonoardly -directed spine : the second dorsal of 

 greater extent than the first and similar to the anal : sometimes the last rays of 

 both these fins are semi or wholly detached: two pre- anal spines which occasionally 

 are rudimentary, they are separated by an interspace from the anal fin. Scales 

 minute. Lateral-line with an anterior curved portion, while the posterior is straight 

 a ml covered with large plate-like scales which are usually keeled and sometimes spinate, 

 these may be continued on to the anterior curved portion of the lateral-line 

 (Trachurus). Air-bladder bifurcated posteriorly. Pyloric appendages in large 

 numbers. 



Considering the numerous species and varieties of form which are found in 

 the genus it is not surprising that many sub-divisions of it have been 

 proposed. The characters employed for this purpose have been the dentition, 

 the form of the fins, the serrations or the reverse of the preopercle, and the 

 armature of the scales on the lateral-line, the scales on the body, and the 

 adipose eyelids. But the single British species is well characterized by its 

 till ire Lateral-line being armed with large keeled plates. 



< h ographical distribution. — The fishes composing the genus Caranx, or "Horse- 

 mackerels," are spread from Norway and Sweden throughout most of the 

 temperate and tropical seas, more especially abounding in the latter, where they 

 attain to a large size, and are not considered unsuitable for the table : though 

 some have been reported as poisonous at certain times in particular localities 

 in the tropics, probably due to the food on which they have been living. 



