GEOGRAPHIC LITERATURE 255 



the same direction is shown by the fact that an increase in income bonds 

 has been accompanied by an absolute decrease in the amount of mort- 

 gage bonds. 



It is interesting also to observe that of the total stocks and bonds out- 

 standing those having a par value of $1,501,346,914 are held by railway 

 corporations. Of the total stock outstanding an amount having a par 

 value of $3,667,503,194, or 70.17 per cent, paid no dividends, while 

 $515,029,668, or 11.40 per cent, of bonds was similarly unremunerative to 

 investors. The percentage of income bonds not receiving interest was 

 87.96. The total amount paid in dividends on common and preferred 

 stock was $87,603,371, as interest on funded debt $249,624,177, and as in- 

 terest on current liabilities $8,469,063. The public service performed was 

 equivalent to carrying 13,049,007,233 passengers and 95,328,360,278 tons 

 of freight one mile. Passenger service showed an increase over the pre- 

 ceding year, but was lower than that of 1894, 1893, and 1892. The 

 freight service performed exceeded by more than ten billion ton miles 

 that of the preceding year and exceeded that of 1S93, the highest year 

 previously recorded." 



The total earnings from operation were $1,150,169,376, of which 

 $266, £62,533 was from passengers, $63,951,481 from mail, express, and 

 other miscellaneous sources connected with passenger service, $786,615,837 

 from freight, $3,885,890 from miscellaneous sources connected with freight 

 service, and $29,153,635 unclassified, or from other operations. The aver- 

 age revenue per passenger per mile was 2.019 cents, and that per ton of 

 freight per mile .806 cent, the latter being lower than for any previous 

 year covered by the reports of the Commission. Operating expenses 

 amounted to $772,989,044, or 67.21 per cent of the total income from 

 operation. The average cost of running a train one mile was 93.838 cents. 

 From the summary of accidents it appears that 181 passengers, 1,861 em- 

 ployes, and 4,406 "other persons" were killed during the year covered 

 by the report, while 2,873 passengers, 29,969 employes, and 5,840 "other 

 persons " were more or less seriously injured. Comparing these data with 

 the number of passengers and of employes, it appears that one passen- 

 ger in every 2,827,474 carried was killed, and one in every 178,132 carried 

 was injured, while one employe in every 444 was killed and one in every 

 28 injured. Of the " other persons " killed, 3,811 were trespassers, and 

 of those injured, 4,468. The statistics of accidents to that class of em- 

 ployes whose duties involve their presence on running trains are particu- 

 larly disheartening. They show that during the twelve months covered 

 by the report one in every 152 of such employes was killed, and one in 

 every 10 more or less seriously injured. The increased use of safety ap- 

 pliances does not seem materially to have affected this ratio, and it is to 

 be doubted whether it will do so until all cars are properly equipped. Of 

 the 1,333,599 cars in service, 448,854 were equipped with train brakes, 

 the increase during the twelve months covered by the report being 86,356, 

 while the actual increase in the number of cars was 27,339. The number 

 equipped with automatic couplers was 545,583, being an increase during 

 the year of 136,727 ; 9,816 of the 9,943 passenger locomotives in service 



