PAPAGUER1A 357 



Chihuahua, and elsewhere, and with the ceremonial places of 

 the pueblos. In central and southern Papagueria " trincheras," 

 or entrenched mountains, are occasionally found in and along- 

 side the better watered valleys in the vicinity of ruined villages. 

 These works are more or less inaccessible huttes or mesas, whose 

 precipices and slopes are extended and reinforced by artificial 

 walls of loose-laid stones, while on the easier slopes the walls are 

 multiplied and bastioned in such manner as to convert the emi- 

 nences, when protected by a limited force, into impregnable 

 fortresses. Some of these places of refuge are without traces of 

 permanent habitations or storehouses, and also (what is still 

 more significant in this arid region) without sources of or reser- 

 voirs for water, so that they could have been occupied only 

 temporarily or interruptedly; while elsewhere (e. g., the great 

 fortified buttes near San Rafael de Alamito, in Altar valley) 

 there are remains of permanent domiciles. In brief, the arche- 

 ology of Papagueria indicates that during prehistoric times the 

 foothills and valleys had a considerable agricultural population, 

 supported by means of a highly developed system of irrigation ; 

 that this population was peaceful and highly organized socially ; 

 and that, through the development or invasion of predatory 

 enemies, the peaceful people were driven to seek refuge, and later, 

 as the irrigation works were destroyed, were either annihilated » 

 or driven into the desert to enter into enforced communality with 

 the meager flora and fauna and find protection in the bitter 

 inhospitality by which all human enemies were held at bay. 

 There is accordingly a strong probability that the modern Papago 

 Indians are descended from the more cultured inhabitants of 

 this purview of the land of the Montezumas. 



The modern Papago is of medium or slightly below medium 

 stature, the women being apparently relatively larger than the 

 men. There is a tendency toward heaviness of feature, partic- 

 ularly among the more sedentary groups toward Gila river ; 

 with this exception, the features are more delicately moulded 

 and the expression more vivacious than among neighboring- 

 tribes. The men cut the hair, rarely about the neck, commonly 

 shingled more or less closely ; the women allow the hair to grow 

 long, and frequently braid it or arrange it in pendent tresses. 

 The color of the skin is somewhat variable, but of the usual 

 coppery cast. Among the adults, and more rarely among the 

 children, a blotched appearance is not uncommon, and many 



