400 ATLANTIC ESTUARINE TIDES 



left alone, would in a short while have devastated large areas. 

 In some European countries it has been found necessary in order 

 to produce certain results in reforestation to transport soil in 

 baskets by the hands of men to form a new covering for the 

 naked rock, so that vegetation may be reestablished. It is not 

 probable that we shall ever be reduced to such extremities in 

 this country, but we should resist all influences that have a 

 tendency to produce such a condition. 



Incidentally the game will be protected and the scenery pre- 

 served or restored to its original beauty. This section is the 

 natural home of the moose, elk, bear, deer, mountain goat, and 

 mountain sheep, but during the past season scarcely any of the 

 above were encountered and \Q?y little sign of their presence was 

 observed. The deer are killed in large numbers by commercial 

 hunters to bait bear traps. In one locality 120 bears were 

 trapped in two seasons, and it is considered a conservative esti- 

 mate that for each bear secured 1,000 pounds of game meat is 

 ordinarihy used. The elk and the moose are nearly extermi- 

 nated, and the region which once attracted sportsmen from all 

 portions of the country, and also from Europe, has almost com- 

 pletely lost its attraction as a hunting ground. 



[The foregoing article was presented at the Joint Session of the National Geographic 

 Society and the A. A. A. S., Boston, August 25, 189S.] 



ATLANTIC ESTUARINE TIDES* 

 By Mark S. W. Jefferson 



The tidal phenomena of a number of commercially important 

 estuaries on the Atlantic coast suggest a simple geographic classi- 

 fication. 



There are two distinct tidal types, with corresponding types of 

 geography. Both are united in the Delaware. Ascending the 

 bay from the capes, a four-foot tide increases to six feet and falls 

 off in speed from 23 miles to 11 miles per hour. Ascending the 

 river, the range again diminishes from six feet to four feet, with 

 a speed varying irregularly between 7 and 15 miles. The geo- 

 graphic types here are the bay, from the capes to Delaware City, 

 and the river above. The combined type corresponds to the 



* Extract from Thesis in research course in Geography at Harvard University, under 

 Prof. W. M. Davis. Read at the Joint Session of the National Geographic Society and 

 the A. A. A. S., Boston, August 25, 1898. 



