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The National Geographic Magazine 



ideals of cleanliness are the Chinese. 

 Tibetans represent themselves as being 

 very religious. They pretend to be de- 

 vout Buddhists. If asked about their 

 purposes or desires in life, they would 

 reply that their one ideal and their one 

 desire is Buddha, or to realize Bud- 

 dhism. For this they work, live, steal. 

 But this is mostly pretense. Outwardly 

 they appear calm, mild, and simple, but 

 inside they are harsh and cruel. 



The rule is polyandry, but polygamy 

 is occasionally met with. For example, 

 if there be a family of five sons, all to- 

 gether take one wife. The eldest is 

 then called "father," and each of the 

 others is called ' ' uncle. ' ' On the other 

 hand, if there be a family of three 

 daughters and no sons, all three sisters 

 take one husband. 



Among the Tibetans there are four 



different forms of funeral ceremony. 

 They arise from the Indian proverb that 

 man comes from four elements, viz., 

 earth, water, fire, wind. According to 

 the first ceremony, the bones are crushed, 

 the flesh is cut in pieces, the body cooked 

 and fed to dogs, birds, and eagles. Ac- 

 cording to the second ceremony , the body 

 is burned, consumed by fire. This is 

 not common, but is sometimes practiced. 

 In the third ceremony, the corpse is 

 thrown into one of the great rivers, after 

 having been decapitated and dismem- 

 bered. According to the fourth form, 

 the body is buried in the earth. This 

 method is rarely employed, only when 

 the other ceremonies are inconvenient. 

 Music and literature among the Tibetans 

 are at a very low stage. They have 

 but a single musical instrument. It is 

 similar to the samisen. 



THE BULLOCK- WORKMAN EXPLORA- 

 TIONS 



IN No. 21 of the Mitteilungen des 

 Deutschen tind Oesterreichischen Al- 

 penverein for 1903 Maj. Max Schlagint- 

 weit makes the following statement : 



' ' The glacier region of Chogo Lungma 

 was already explored in the year 1 856 by 

 my brother, Adolf Schlagintweit, and 

 volume 1 of the Travels of the Brothers 

 Schlagintweit presents a large view of 

 this glacier. The Americans, Dr and 

 Mrs Bullock Workman, were not, there- 

 fore, the first to set foot in that region, 

 since their predecessor in its exploration 

 was a German." 



In reply to this statement we would 

 say, we have carefully examined at the 

 Library of the Royal Geographical Soci- 

 ety in London the volume referred to and 

 failed to find in it any mention whatever 

 of the Chogo Lungma glacier. Not even 

 the village of Arandu, below the termi- 

 tion of that glacier, is mentioned. Again, 

 neither the Chogo Lungma glacier nor 

 the village of Arandu is noted on the 

 maps accompanying the large atlas of 



illustrations issued with the work, nor 

 is any view of the Chogo Lungma to be 

 found among the illustrations them- 

 selves. 



A view is given of a fragment of a 

 glacier called by the Schlagintweits 

 Chorkonda, but this does not resemble 

 the scenery at any point of the Chogo 

 Lungma, and the position assigned in 

 latitude and longitude to the Chorkonda 

 places it a considerable distance south- 

 east of the Chogo Lungma. 



The nearest point to the Chogo Lung- 

 ma visited by Adolf Schlagintweit ap- 

 pears to have been Chutrun, at the en- 

 trance of the Basha Valley, more than 

 two marches below Arandu. 



In 1862 Col. Godwin Austen, while 

 surveying in this region, ascended the 

 valley in which the Chogo Lungma lies 

 some 12 miles. So far as we have been 

 able to learn, there is no record of any 

 one having visited or explored the upper 

 18 miles of this glacier or its terminal 

 branches previous to our explorations 

 in 1902 and 1903. 



Fanny Bullock Workman. 

 William Hunter Workman. 



