354 CLOUD WORK OF THE WEATHER BUREAU 



nently useful to meteorology, and that they are needed is seen 

 from the following considerations : The Smithsonian tables and 

 the International tables are adapted for the reduction from ele- 

 vations 2,000 meters or less to the sea-level ; but in cloud-work 

 it is necessary to reduce at will throughout a region up to 15,000 

 meters in height and with ranges of temperature from -f- 30° to 

 — 60° centigrade, which is far bej^ond the limits of any existing 

 tables. The Hertz diagram for adiabatic expansion leaves out 

 the vapor contents of the air in parts of the formulae, introduc- 

 ing errors as much as 0.30 inch in pressure. Besides, it is de- 

 sirable to be able to start with surface conditions and compute 

 upward in exact figures all the elements existing in the cloud, 

 and also the gradients connecting one level with another. 



Since the atmosphere. differs very widely from the adiabatic 

 laws, one of our problems is to discuss how much this departure 

 is for all seasons of the year, and from these data we expect to 

 study carefully the laws of solar insolation and terrestrial radi- 

 ation — that is, the actinometry of the atmosphere — by means of 

 this new and improved material. Finally, there are no tables 

 published which are available for computing the dynamic forces 

 indicated by the equations, and this is necessary if meteorology 

 is to be made an exact science. (3) The possession of all this 

 new matter enables us to analyze closely the Ferrel theory of the 

 local cyclone and the German theory of the same, which differ 

 from each other, and to show that they are both only ideal solu- 

 tions of vortices and do not conform to the stream lines given 

 by the observations. An attempt has been made to interpret 

 the analytical equations of motion, so that they shall match the 

 observed facts, and this leads to a different idea of the circula- 

 tion in storms from that commonly taught by meteorologists. 

 The application of the theory to tornadoes is certainly satisfac- 

 tory, and in the case of hurricanes and cyclones it is on the 

 whole very promising. 



Thio new treaty between the United States and Japan went 

 into effect on July 17. The main feature of the treaty is the 

 abolition of the jurisdiction of the United States consular courts 

 in Japan. Henceforth all the exceptional privileges, exemp- 

 tions, and immunities formerly enjoyed by citizens of the United 

 States, as a part of or appurtenant to such jurisdiction, will 

 absolutely cease and all such jurisdiction will be assumed and 

 exercised by Japanese courts. 



