The National Geographic Magazine 



form on the map of Africa the shape of 

 our Saviour's cross. 



In these journeys Livingstone im- 

 pressed the spirit of that symbol on the 

 people of Africa, and, ever scattering 

 the words of the Master and patterning 

 his life thereafter, exerted an unsur- 

 passed moral influence on hundreds of 

 thousands of men, and so made the first 

 rift in the ignorant barbarism of a 

 Dark Continent. 



The black slab in Westminster 

 Abbey recites the heroic story: 



"For thirty years his life was spent 

 in an unwearied effort to evangelize 

 the native races, to explore the undis- 

 covered secrets, and abolish the deso- 

 lating slave trade of Central Africa." 



Of Stanley Africanus, as I call him, 

 his African explorations in their poten- 

 tialities are second alone to those of 

 Columbus. From Stanley's labors have 

 come wondrous results ; commerce 

 and religion form beneficent settle- 

 ments ; slavery disappears gradually ; 

 inter-tribal wars cease ; industries 

 spring up, and there is peacefully or- 

 ganized a vast tropical empire, the 

 Congo Free State, "a civilizing center 

 in the heart of Africa," potential in its 

 possibilities of moral and material de- 

 velopment. 



THE COMMERCIAL PROFIT FROM ARCTIC 

 EXPLORATION 



I have been asked to say a few words 

 regarding the scope and results of 

 Arctic explorations,' to which many 

 attach a moral value, while mistak- 

 ingly, at least as to its past, consider- 

 ing it to be pecuniarily unprofitable. 

 In material results the aggregate value 

 exceeds twelve hundred millions of dol- 

 lars. Most important are the American 

 whale fisheries, three hundred and 

 thirty-two millions from 1804 to 1876, 

 and the Dutch fishery, 1677 to i778,over 

 one hundred millions. In lesser order 

 of values follow the British fishery, the 

 fur trade of northeastern Siberia, the 



fossil ivory of the new Siberian Islands, 

 and the Alaskan seal and fur products. 



Turning to the interrelated moral 

 and material outcome, may be cited the 

 northeastern Arctic voyage of Chan- 

 cellor, who set out, to quote Hakluyt: 



"Either to bring that to pass which 

 was intended, or to die the death." 



Of this expedition Milton wrote: 



"The discovery of Russia by the 

 Northern Ocean might have seemed an 

 enterprise almost heroic if any higher 

 end than excessive love of gain and 

 traffic had animated the design." 



THE GREELY EXPLORATIONS 



There was, however, a moral result not 

 foreseen by Milton. It is not alone that 

 this exploration was the beginning of 

 England's mighty maritime power and 

 her commercial supremacy, it initiated 

 the freedom of the seas as highways, it 

 strengthened international comity, then 

 in its infancy, it cultivated the spirit of 

 patriotism and elevated the sense of 

 national self-respect. 



I speak hesitatingly of my own Arc- 

 tic work, which was primarily devoted 

 to scientific observations, being one of 

 the fourteen international stations oc- 

 cupied from 1881 to 1883. In field 

 work it added 6,000 square miles to our 

 knowledge, and took the honors of the 

 Farthest North, held for three hundred 

 continuous years by England. 



Retreating 400 miles south in 1883, 

 according to orders, we wintered at 

 Cape Sabine, where shipwreck and mis- 

 management of the home authorities 

 left the party without supplies. In 

 1884 the seven remaining men were 

 rescued by the relief expedition of our 

 navy. 



Of the work and the men I can say 

 nothing new, in this twenty-fifth year 

 since the inception of the Lady Frank- 

 lin Bay expedition. By arduous labor, 

 heroic endurance and unflinching for- 

 titude they advanced our national en- 

 sign to an unparalleled latitude on both 



