PACHYGASTRIA TRIFOLII. 29 



searching among the low grass at Crosby on August 22nd, 1880 

 (Walker). In Britain the species is more abundant in some years than 

 others, and this would appear to be the case on the Continent, e.g., 

 at Wildungen (Speyer), Carlsruhe, unusually plentiful in 1888 and 1893 

 (Gauckler), Weissenburg (Huguenin), &c. Its habitats are exceedingly 

 various ; on the Lancashire and Cheshire coasts it is confined to the 

 sandhills near the sea, where it specially affects the willow beds (Ellis), 

 on Romney Marsh it occurs on the shingle just above high-water mark, 

 on the Devon coast it is found on the cliffs and slopes facing the sea, 

 and in Dorset, Bankes says that it is noticeably attached to the coast, 

 being found on heaths and sandy tracts near the sea. In the Channel 

 Islands the species is often found on the cliffs, the larvae feeding on the 

 flowers of furze, often, however, on the lower ground near the shore, 

 and also on the commons inland (Luff), and at Land's End 

 also on the cliffs (Noye) ', it occurs on the heaths in the New 

 Forest and we obtained larvae on very similar ground in the 

 Forest of Fontainebleau. At Digne we found it on the broom over 

 all the lower mountains around the towns \ whilst Riihl records it as 

 occurring in Switzerland in damp meadows, and Prittwitz notes it as 

 occurring in the Oder meadows in Silesia. In Denmark it is, as is 

 usually the case with us, confined to coast districts, but in the Nether- 

 lands frequents dry places — dunes, heaths, &c. — and heaths are given as 

 its sole habitat in Upper Lusatia. Constant notes it as much more 

 abundant in the chalky districts of the Saone-et-Loire than in other 

 parts of the department, and Lewin states that it used to occur in plenty 

 in chalky fields near Darenth. It certainly is occasionally a sub-alpine 

 species, and Hinterwaldner gives it as occurring up to 4,300 feet in the 

 Tyrol, whilst we have taken it in the Pellice valley up to about 3,500 

 feet, and suspect it occurs there at a greater elevation. 



Time of appearance. — August appears to be the normal time 

 of its appearance in England, but Bowles states that with him it rarely 

 appears in confinement until September. It is worthy of remark that 

 in Algeria, its most southern habitat, the imagines are only recorded 

 for October and November, whilst Staudinger records a male from 

 Milos on October 4th. Imagines in August in Pomerania (Hering), 

 middle of August at Berne (Benteli), August in the Alpes-Maritimes 

 (Milliere), from July 17th to September 5th in various parts of Hungary 

 (Fritsch), imagines bred in August, 1895 — 1898, from larvae taken in 

 Scilly Isles, also end of July and beginning of August, 1899, from pupae 

 found June 22nd (Adkin), imagines wild on sandhills near Liverpool, 

 August 17th, 1844, August 15th, 1845, &c. (Gregson), August 17th 

 and 19th, 1845, bred from Land's End larvae, and seven others August 

 1st — 1 8th, 1847, of which one 2 , hatched August 1 8th, 1847, attracted 

 on the coast near Land's End 6 males on one day, and 7 males on 

 another (Noye) ; imagines bred August 4th — 8th, 1859, from larvae 

 collected June 15th at Horndean (Fenn), imagines captured 

 August 1 6th, 187 1, in Scilly Isles (Jenkinson), imagines found 

 wild by searching, August 22nd, 1880 at Crosby (Walker), 

 imagines bred August 8th — September 6th, 188 1, from larvae col- 

 lected June 2nd, near Liverpool (Bower), imagines bred August 17th, 

 1882, &c, from larvae obtained between May 10th — June 19th in the 

 Isle of Purbeck (Bankes), bred in 1883 — August 30th, two $ s, Sep- 

 tember 3rd, one 2, September 8th, 9th, one $ each day; in 1886 — 



