42 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



Cases of parthenogenetic reproduction in L. quercus are on record. 

 Weir bred a $ in 1879, and states that no $ could have paired with her, yet 

 a number of eggs were laid which proved fertile and larvae from these 

 were feeding in September, 1879. Griffiths notes (in litt.) that, in 

 1870, he bred a ? (from Ilfracombe larva) and that she laid many 

 ova which produced larvae that unfortunately died during hybernation ; 

 copulation, he asserts, could only have taken place by a wild £ 

 through the gauze covering, which Griffiths considers not very likely. 

 [See also Mory, Tardy, &c. (anted, vol. i., p. 29); Napier, Science Gossip, 

 1868, p. 71 ; Laddiman, Ent., xi., p. 271.] 



Gynandromorphism is exceedingly prevalent in this species, and we 

 have given (posted, pp. 45 — 47^ a large number of recorded examples. 

 Crosspairing is recorded between this species and P. trifolii by 

 Standfuss and a single hybrid was bred(z>ide, anted, p. 3), but, considering 

 the excitement of the males at the time of pairing, one would have 

 expected greater results in this direction ; thus Johnson records two 

 males in their eagerness uniting {Ent. Record, v., pp. 198 — 9), and 

 Hewett gives {in litt.) two similar experiences when assembling with Z. 

 var. callunae, on Rhombald's moor, one case occurring on June 9th, 

 1895, and a second case on June 17th, 1895; so great was the 

 excitement of the males on this occasion, that, as they came up 

 in numbers " against the wind " to four virgin females taken to the 

 Moor, they were so fearless that they could be freely handled 

 whilst endeavouring to copulate with the females, and crawled 

 excitedly over the box in which the ? s had been carried as well 

 as on the coat in which the box had been placed. As bearing 

 on this Durrant notes {in litt.) that he once took a male Z. quercus 

 in cop. with a female Cosnwtriche potatoria, but was unable at the 

 time to appreciate the value of the eggs obtained. Pierce observes that 

 the male genitalia of Z. quercus consist of a pair of backward hooks, 

 that appear to be a modification of the harpes, and a single very 

 strong hook (the uncus), almost at the extreme end of the abdomen 

 and all exserted. 



The distribution of the species included in the genus Lasiocampa 

 works out as follows : Z. qucrciis — Europe, northern and western 

 Asia ; grandis — Syria, Palestine ; serrula — Spain, Algeria, Egypt [not 

 uncommon near Alexandria (Baker)]. 



Lasiocampa quercus, Linne. 

 SYNONYMY. — Species: Quercus, Linn., "Sys. Nat.," xth ed., p. 498 (1758); 

 xiith ed., p. 814 (1767) ; "Faun. Suec," 2nd ed., p. 293 (17(H) ; Poda, " Ins. Mns. 

 Grsec," p. 85(1761); Scop., "Ent. Cam.," p. 194 (1763); Miill., "F'n. Frid.," p. 

 39(1764); "Zool. Dan. Prod., "p. 117 (1776) ; 1-1 in., "Berl.Mag.," ii., p. 308 (1766) ; 

 Fab., "Sys. Ent.," p. 562 (1775); "Spec. Ins.,"ii., p. 175 (1781) ; "Mant, Ins.," ii., 

 p. 112 (1787); "Ent. Syst.," iii., 1. p. 423 (1793) ; [Schiff;,] " Schmett. Wien.," p. 

 ^7 (1775); Esp., " Schmett. Eur.," iii., p. 81, pi. xiii., figs. 2-(>, pi. xiv., figs 1-2 

 (1783) ; Geoff., " Koine Ent. Paris.," p. 260 (1785) ; Vill., " Linn. Ent.," ii., p. 125 

 (17.S9); Bkh., "Sys. Besch.," iii., pp. 84,464 (1790); Don.. " Brit. Ins.," pp.83, 

 85, pi. ciii-civ(i794); lib.," Larv. Lep.," iii., Bomb. ii. f Verse. P. a. 2 (? 1800) ; "Eur. 

 Schmett.," iii., figs. [72, 225 (circ. 1800); text p. 144 (.- 1S05:: '• Vcr/..,*' p. 186 (?i822); 

 Hb.-Gey., "Eur. Schmetl ," iii., figs. M'), 350 {circ. 1830); lib, " Sy>t. Verz. Wien.," 

 n. Ausg. 2, p. 109 [801 ; Schrk., "Faun. Boica,"ii., Abth. I, p. 275 (1801); ii.,Abth. 

 2, p. i'v| 1802 : Haw.', "Lep. Brit.," 1, p. 81 (1803 ; Latr., "Hist. Nat.," adv., p, 

 178(1805); "Gen. Crust, et Ins.," iv., p. 219 1809 ; "Consid. Gen.," pp. 362, 441 

 (i.Sioj ; Ochs., " Die Schmett ," iii., p. 266 (1810) ; Germ., " Bomb. Spec.," p. 47 

 (1812) ; Leach, " Edin. Ency.," i\., p. 132 (1815) ; Oken, " Lehrb. Naturg.," p. 708 

 (1815) ; God., " L6p. Eur.," iv., p. 95 (1822) ; Dup., "Icon, des Chen.," pi. iv., fig. 



