LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 75 



made July 8th under a two-thirds lens.] The number of eggs laid by 5 females in 



1895 were 12 1, 204. 226, 227 and 122 respectively ; those laid on June 17th hatched 



July 13th — 14th; those laid June 20th hatched July 15th — 16th (Hewett) ; eggs of 



callunae obtained in 1894 hatched a fortnight before those of L. que reus (Pitman) ; 



eggs laid July 6th Hatched July 30th, in Argyll (Chapman) ; eggs laid July 24th, 



1859, at Bowdou, hatched August 10th ; whilst a ? was found laying eggs in nature 



on Carrington Moss, as late as August 7th, 1859 (Edleston) ; the eggs are laid in 



June and hatch about the middle of July (July 14th, 1898) in Hoy (Cheesman). 



La.rva. — First instar : Head — large, rounded, black, glossy ; only faint traces of the 



white face-markings conspicuously present in larva of L. quercus ; numerous scattered 



black hairs. ifoaT)/ —structurally agrees with that of larva of L. var. •viburni, already 



described; tubercles many-haired warts, i and ii large and flat, iii supraspiracular, iv -j- 



v subspiracular ; a large accessory prespiracular ; few secondary hairs present ; trape- 



zoidals yellow and suggest the yellow bands seen in larva? of L. querciis and 



var. viburni, but much less developed than in these larvae ; yellow bars divided 



in centre by a broad gap of ground-colour ; on each segment traces of a dark 



mediodorsal line ; no lateral markings yet present but on subdorsal area of each 



segment is" a large irregularly-shaped black velvety patch ; from the mesothorax 



to the 8th abdominal, this patch partly surrounds the yellow transverse bars — i e., 



at front, back, and lower edge — below the posterior trapezoidals ; it is, however, 



only narrow behind, and below the bar, and forms a large patch in front ; it is 



much larger behind the bar on metathorax and joins the forward patch on 1st 



abdominal. Prolegs spread widely and have a slight tendency to a J^-shaped foot. 



Hairs black, brown and white on the dorsal area, mostly white laterally, the black 



hairs the longest, the white ones the shortest (July nth, 1897). The second instar 



is similar to the first in many respects, although it foreshadows the third instar 



in others. Third instar : Head — dull blue in colour, surface dull ; covered with 



fine hairs, no white face-markings. Body — of even thickness, cylindrical, segments 



fairly distinct ; dorsal area velvety-black, with a diamond-shaped, bright, yellow 



mark on each segment, the apex of the diamond being pale, whitish rather than 



yellow ; a small yellow spot on either side of front part of diamond ; on thoracic 



segments (2 and 3), the mark is larger than on abdominal segments and triangular 



rather than diamond-shaped ; lateral area dull blue with faint traces of double 



oblique stripes. Hairs : long ones black, short ones brown. Fourth and Fifth 



instars (October 24th, 1897) : Now vary from ifin. to 2^in. in length (the smaller 



in the fourth, larger in the fifth, instar). The short fur dull brown, the long hairs dark 



brown or black; still retain the interrupted, whitish, mediodorsal band (composed 



of tufts of white hairs) broken up into discontinuous spots, one on each segment ; 



the subdorsal white band (or line) fairly clearly marked ; traces of the oblique 



stripes present (these can be traced on some of the hybrid viburni x quercus larvae 



but are not present as a rule in the larvae of Cannes var. meridionalis} ; traces of bright 



blue shading still to be seen on velvety-black of the intersegmental areas, (apparently 



the remnant of a blue subdorsal band). ? Sixth instar (November 7th) : One 



larva now in adult plumage ; the urticating fur uniform bright-brown in colour 



(very much darker than in L. quercus) ; the long hairs of the same colour (not 



paler or white as in var. viburni) ; the colour, spots, &c, of thorax as in English 



L. quercus. Head — dark indigo blue with just a trace of red on cheeks (Bacot). 



Three forms of the young larvae of L. var. callunae are figured by Buckler {Larvce 



&c, pi. xlvii., figs. 3, 3a: and 3#). He also figures (3c) the larva just previous to 



the last moult, and the fullgrown one (3^). Cocoon: Dark, brown-black; male 



cocoons somewhat paler than those of females ; oval in shape, twice as long as 



broad, both ends almost equally rounded; of a close, thin, papery texture, readily 



splits at that end towards which the head of the pupa lies ; the inside smooth ; 



the cast larval skin lies loosely at anal end. Reid says : " It is found among moss 



at the roots of heather, being most frequent round the edge of large stones or 



by the sides of footpaths or overhanging brooks." Gordon notes : " Often spun 



among heather and consists of a loose superstructure enclosing the hard, darkbrown, 



oval-shaped cocoon- proper." Home says there is always some loose spinning 



about the cocoon of callunae. The larvae, he states, usually spin up among the 



moss, around the roots of the heather, sometimes, however, they spin higher up like 



Sciturnia pavonia, but such cocoons rarely maintain their position through the 



winter, getting shaken down among the roots by the wind ; Arkle found cocoons 



on the rocks at Tan-y-B\vlch ; Cheesman in Hoy finds cocoons amongst heather and 



moss, almost on the ground, well concealed, the colour harmonising well with that 



of the environment ; Chapman notes the cocoons as being found on heather in 



Argyllshire generally close to the ground. Tyrer states that he has often obtained 



