76 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



winter cocoons by raking grassy banks, and Tunaley obtains them at Derby in 

 winter at the bottom of hawthorn hedges (vide, postea). Hewett avers that in 

 Yorkshire the cocoon of callunae is lighter than that of L. quo-cus ; this was 

 decidedly the case with one that we obtained from a larva found on Mont 

 de la Saxe, near Courmayeur, and which was quite bright 5'ellow ochreous in tint. 

 Pupa : The pupa active, moves about much within the confined area of its cocoon. 

 The skin delicately wrinkled transversely ; the legs and antennae very finely and 

 distinctly segmented ; the thoracic segments, wings, and ventral limbs purplish - 

 brown in female, red-brown in male, these portions of body being covered with a 

 delicate bloom ; the head ventral, an upper projecting dorsal head-piece with 

 narrow semilunar glazed eye on either side ; labrum above, and ? mandibles on either 

 side of, labial palpi, well-developed; labial palpi, maxillae, and two (ist and 2nd) 

 pairs of legs enclosed in the area bounded by the antennae ; the latter reaching about 

 two -thirds along costa of wing ; beyond tips of antennae the third pair of legs 

 extend to the apices of wings, separating the costae of the two wings ; in male 

 the antennae extend farther and the second pair of legs are more conspicuous ; the 

 prothorax placed quite frontally ; the prothoracic spiracle in the pro-mesothoracic 

 incision ; the mesothorax large, swollen dorsally, expanding laterally without a break 

 into forewings ; the metathorax contracted, wrinkled, much reduced centrally ; 

 the hindwings rising* from it traceable narrowly along inner margin of forewings ; 

 forewings well-developed, the nervures distinct, and slightly ridged; wing dark- 

 coloured yet transparent and the internal structures to be seen beneath it ; the 

 abdominal segments ventrally and dorsally paler red-brown than other parts of the 

 body, but the contrast much less strongly marked in S than in ? ; the first abdominal 

 segment much contracted, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th increasing in size, the pupa attaining 

 its greatest width at 4th segment, the movable incisions in both sexes between 

 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, abdominal segments ; the skin of movable incisions very smooth ; 

 spiracles on abdominal segments 2-7 conspicuous, that on 8th aborted; spiracles 

 narrow, almost linear, with well-marked, shining, black rim ; the anal segment 

 blunt, thickly studded with short, red-brown hairs. The peculiar head-structure, 

 the legs, and the character of the striations of the ventral surface remind one of the 

 similar structures in the pupa of Dimoipha versicolora [Description made January 

 27th, 1897, from pupae sent by Mr. Home of Aberdeen]. Larval habits : 

 Larvae feed from June until August of the following year, the pupal stage lasting 

 thence until June, so that the insect takes tM r o years to reach maturity and there 

 must be distinct races appearing in alternate years (Reid) ; great differences 

 exist in the size of larvae in spring, e.g., on May 18th, 1898, at Corsemalzie, several 

 halfgrown ones were found, also two small ones, wilh two large ones on the same 

 heather bush, although they usually feed singly ; contrary to what might have 

 been expected the largest did not spin up till the end of July and the imagines 

 appeared in June, 1899 (Gordon) ; the larvae are full fed in mid- August in the 

 valleys of the Upper Engadine (MeDgelbir), the larvae also fullfed in August, 

 the insect hybernating in the pupal stage in the mountains of Silesia (Prittwitz) ; 

 fullfed larvae are to be found in August on heather on all the moors of the Scotch 

 Highlands including Skye ; the imagines from these emerge the following year 

 at the beginning of June ; one also finds young larvae at the same time as the fullfed 

 ones ; occasionally one must feed up more rapidly and emerge without hybernating 

 as a pupa, as an imago was taken on August 15th, 1895, on the moors of Argyllshire 

 (Christy) ; larvae are to be found by day among the dead sallow-leaves, and at 

 night on the sallow stems (Gregson) ; the ? lays eggs round the stems of heather* 

 in May and June ; the larvae emerge in from 14-21 days, feed during summer and 

 autumn, undergoing three moults during this period, then descend to roots of 

 heath, and spin a slight web on which they remain during the winter months ; 

 they reappear in following spring, feed during summer, undergo three or four 

 more changes of skin and pupate in August and September, the imagines emerging 

 in May and June the next year (Shipston) : in Hoy the ova are deposited about the 

 middle of June, hatch early in July, the Larvae feed slowly and hybernate in second (or 

 third) stadium from the end of August until early May, feed on slowly again till the 

 end of August or beginning of September (August 27th to September 13th, 1898) 

 and then pupate, imagines appearing the following June (Checsman) ; at Rannoch, 

 in Arran, and on all the Scotch moorlands, one sees many large larvae late 

 in autumn, whilst one finds, not only here, but in the Orkneys, &c, in April, young 

 larva?, larvae fully half-grown, and pupae on the same day; the larvae remaining 



* This we consider is an error of observation. The eggs noted were probably 

 those of Macrothylacia rubi or Satumia pavonia. See also Parke {Zoo!., p. 8647), 

 who considered them to be the ova of Satumia pavonia. 



