LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 81 



circle. He states that he believes that in all the northern examples 

 the white spot on the upper wings of the male is seen on the under 

 as well as on the upper surface, but he never saw the least trace ol 

 it on the underside of the wings of quercils, and really thinks callunae 

 is a species distinct from quercils, the general appearance of the two 

 being so different (teste, Robson, Young Nat., iv., p. 157). We are now 

 aware that none of the differences on which reliance has been placed 

 for the specific separation of the forms holds absolutely, although the 

 racial peculiarities are, on the whole, abundantly evident. The 

 Cheshire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire coast districts seem to be the most 

 northerly limits of pure quercils, all specimens exhibiting the quercus 

 characteristics of habit, physiological peculiarities, &c, coining from 

 the north of this area being either off-shoots towards the quercus form 

 from the ancestral callunae race, or, on the other hand, they may be 

 considered as exhibiting atavic traces of the ancestral quercus form, 

 if, indeed, quercus, and not callunae, be the older form. Although 

 callunae may be considered, in general, as the moorland race of 

 these islands, it is, nevertheless, true that special racial peculiarities 

 are developed in the specimens of different localities, which are less 

 or more particularly marked as they approach to, or are very 

 different from, the normal habitats of typical quercils ; in some 

 of these localities, too, there is a much less perfect segregation of the 

 moorland form, than occurs, for example, in the high moorlands of Scot- 

 land, or in the outlying islands of the outer Hebrides, the Orkneys, 

 &c. Apart from these differences, there are also large numbers of 

 individual aberrations of callunae recorded, and it is probable that ab . 

 olivaceo-fasciata belongs almost entirely to the callunae race. Edleston 

 notes of the callunae taken (and bred) at Carrington Moss : "The speci- 

 mens are most variable, especially the males, some are very small, others 

 very large, some deep chocolate, others reddish-brown. I possess 

 a male and female olive-brown. The basal tawny patch is developed 

 in an extraordinary manner through all gradations to none at all, and 

 the tawny bands assume all sorts of forms being sometimes very broad 

 at others dwindling down to a narrow streak, while yet others 

 occur, but rarely, without any band at all. The female is not so 

 liable to these extraordinary changes, and it is chiefly in the tone of 

 colour that variation occurs, some examples being very dark and others 

 very light, the largest and darkest females coming from the moors. 

 Newnham notes an aberration in which the right and left hindwings 

 have two teeth, the dentations making them appear similar to those of 

 Eutricha quercifolia. Studd has a male bred by Sim, May 31st, 1891, 

 from a larva found in Stirlingshire, all the wings of which are of a dark 

 claret-colour, the forewings with a narrow yellow band, the hindwings 

 unicolorous with no band ; Adkin has a female, the outer half of each 

 wing scaleless yet with the fringes developed, and Varley used to breed 

 transparent-winged forms from Huddersfield larvae ; Hewett has a £ 

 without the pale band on hindwings, and a male with the bands suffused 

 with olive, whilst Porritt notes a female, chocolate -coloured, with the 

 usual band replaced by one of dark olive-green; Walker bred a $ from 

 a Crosby larva with the basal half of the upper- and underwings of 

 a dark chocolate-brown, bounded by a median line of a darker shade, 

 whilst beyond the outer margin of this line lies a broad band of dark 

 olive-green which gradually merges into the ground colour ; the 



