82 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



spot in upperwings pure white. Home states that a long series bred 

 from Hoy are distinctly darker than Aberdeenshire specimens, and 

 Gordon notes that the females from Corsemalzie are much darker 

 than New Forest specimens, whilst Kane records an Irish female with 

 hindwings very dark brown like the male ; Marsh notes the breed- 

 ing of a male, in 1887, minus the left hindwing, otherwise perfect; 

 a male exactly the colour of a female was captured in Lanes. (Sum- 

 ner). That our own moorland form is well distributed on the contin- 

 ent under identical conditions, and also exhibiting exactly the same 

 peculiarities in its economy, as in Britain, is shown by the following : 

 Krieghofif notes that, in Thuringia, L. quercus hybernates as larva, but 

 on the higher mountains as pupa ; Schiitze observes that in Saxon 

 Upper Lusatia the pupa sometimes hybernates ; Steinert notes that 

 at Dresden some examples go over the winter in the pupal stage ; 

 Hormuzaki says that it is certain that, in the Carpathians, at 

 1500m.-] 800m. elevation, L. quercus requires two complete years for its 

 development, and, in the second winter, at least generally, hybernates 

 as a pupa ; Hoffmann and Keller state that, in the higher moun- 

 tains of Wiirtemburg, the moth (quite like the Scotch var. callunae) 

 flies in the latter half of May and in June, the hybernation being 

 double, first as larva, second as pupa ; Schmid says that at 

 Ratisbon some examples stay, not infrequently, two years in pupa ; 

 Bang-Haas notes that in the heath-districts of Denmark fully grown 

 larvae as well as young ones are found in August, the former hyber- 

 nating as pupae the imagines emerging at the ordinary time (July and 

 beginning of August) ; Snellen says that, in the Netherlands, the dark 

 chocolate-brown $ s with a yellow spot at base of forewings and brown- 

 dusted antennal shaft are bred chiefly from heath larvae; Nickerl 

 says that L. quercus occurs everywhere in Bohemia but has two races 

 — in Prague the imagines fly at the end of July and in August, the 

 progeny hybernating as larvae, whilst in the Riesen and at Marienbad 

 the imagines appear in June and the progeny pupate the same year (?), 

 hybernating in that stage ; Lutzau notes that, at Wolmar, transitions 

 to ab. callunae occur, and he gives the latter half of May and beginning 

 of June as the time of their appearance ; Heinemann records finding a 

 fullgrown larva on heath in the Upper Hartz, at 3000ft., at the end of 

 July, which pupated and hybernated in the pupal stage; Nolcken notes 

 that, in the Baltic provinces, Teich found fullfed larvae in August, 

 1865, which overwintered as pupae, and Bienert found a larva at 

 Treiden which pupated at the end of July and did not produce 

 an imago till the June of the following year. It is generally supposed 

 that var. callunae alone is found in Ireland, bnt there are certainly 

 some districts in which the usual habits of this race are not at all so 

 completely segregated as in Scotland and certain parts of northern 

 England. Allen gives {in lilt.) an interesting note on this phase of the 

 subject. He says : Near Galway, a larva found June 5th, 1892, on rail- 

 way embankment, fed on oak, pupated same year, an imago emerged June 

 18th, 1893; another larva June 3rd, 1894, in the same district, on ling, 

 pupated June 9th, and imago emerged July 30th, of the same year; near 

 Enniskillen large larvae were found on boggy land, September 17th, 1895, 

 also almost fullfed larva on May 30th, 1896, on ground covered with 

 ling, a half-grown larva at same place June 10th, 1896, another nearly 

 fullfed one July 5th, 1897, and a very large number later in the 



