84 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



not so, for of six moorland larvae obtained at Carrington Moss 

 on May 12th, 1858, four pupated prior to July 23rd, a 2 emerging 

 from one of the cocoons on July 24th, when two of the larvae were still 

 feeding ; by August 2nd one of these larvae had spun up, whilst another 

 2 emerged, 20 fine selected males that assembled to her on the 

 moss being taken the same day ; on August 6th another 2 emerged, 

 and on the 7th, on the moss, males visited her also in great numbers ; as a 

 result, by the end of August, these six larvae had given three imagines, 

 two pupae were going over, and one larva was still feeding. ' On May 

 9th, 1859, on Carrington Moss, Edleston took eight and Sidebotham 

 some larvae ; two of Sidebotham's pupated in June, 2 $ s emerged 

 July 7th, at this time all the other larvae were feeding; on July 19th one 

 larva spun up, the others continued to feed till late autumn, so that, in 

 this district, whilst some of the spring larvae pupate in June and emerge in 

 July and August of the same year, most of the others do not spin until 

 August and September, and emerge the next year. Here there can be no 

 doubt then, that, even on the moors, mixed quercus-callunae habits pre- 

 vail, and, as bearing on this point, Edleston adds that not only 

 did the females bred from moorland larvae attract wild moor- 

 land males in abundance, but they also attracted ordinary 

 males from the lanes around Bowdon when placed in his 

 garden for this purpose. Some of the dates of emergence, too, 

 at Carrington, are unusually late for the moorland forms ; thus, 

 in 1858, the $s had evidently been out some time on Carrington 

 Moss on July 14th, yet, on July 24th, August 2nd and August 7th, 

 large numbers of very perfect males " assembled " on the moss to 

 newly-emerged $s; also, in 1859, callunae was seen on the wing 

 at the foot of Skiddaw, in Cumberland, on June 21st; and large 

 numbers of $ s were attracted at Carrington Moss on June 27th, 

 and, again, on July 8th, yet they were still flying abundantly on 

 the moss on the 18th, and probably much later. These details suggest 

 that the more southern moorland ( callunae) forms (e.g., of our midland, 

 western, and southern counties) emerge later (late June, July, and early 

 August) than in Scotland (end of May and throughout June), and 

 one suspects that Prout's record of a $ taken on an elevated heath in 

 the New Forest at end of July, 1894 (one just emerged July 28th, 

 and resting on a twig of Erica with unexpanded wings), may 

 well have been this form, which Prout says it approached, although 

 hardly agreeing with the best marked specimens of the callunae 

 variety. On the experimental side, Young tells us that on August 

 15th, 1899, a 2 callunae laid a large batch of ova. These were divided 

 into four portions : (1) Kept in living-room, fed on crab and bramble, 

 began to spin up Christmas, the first imago, a 2 ^appearing on July 1st, 

 1900, and the rest continued rapidly to emerge on the following days. 

 [This result is very similar to that obtained by Nicholson (supra).'] 

 (2) Fed on bramble and crab, but kept in a cellar, began to 

 pupate May 27th, 1900, and no imago had emerged up to July, 

 1900. (3) Similarly treated as the last, but all died off. (4) Kept 

 in a shed out of doors, fed on crab till September, then placed 

 (still out of doors) on a growing plant of bramble, partially hyber- 

 nated, appeared to eat very little, and got rather smaller ; about the 

 middle of March placed back in shed, hawthorn and crab given as 

 soon as leaves could be obtained, some began to spin up June 1st, 



