102 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



antennae are rather more prominent and raised in the male than in 

 the female (Bacot). Fenn notes the pupa as : " Very stout, segmental 

 incisions and appendages strongly indicated, spiracles prominent, 

 anal extremity blunt and bristly ; colour purplish-brown." 



Comparison of pvp/e of Lasiocampa quercus and Cosmotriche 

 potatoria. — The pupa of L. quercus, compared with that of C. 

 potatoria, is shorter, stouter, bright red-brown in colour ; and not 

 dark (almost black i mahogany-brown, the shell semitransparent 

 and more fragile than is that of C. potatoria. The antenna-cases 

 of the" pupa of C. potatoria have more in common with those of the 

 pupa of L. quercus than with those of Eutricha qtiercifolia ; those 

 of L. quercus are raised, and curved in transverse section, rather 

 than broad and flat; they taper gradually and are not sharply 

 elbowed ; those of the $ are rather longer than those of the $ , 

 rather broader, and much more raised above the general surface, 

 and, in both sexes, they project beyond the second pair of legs and form 

 the apex of the angle between the wing-cases. The pupal antenna-cases 

 of $ C. potatoria and £ L. quercus have decidedly more in common than 

 have those of the opposite sexes i.e., $ L. que reus and ? C. potatoria), 

 and as regards prominence though not width), those of g C. potatoria 

 agree better with those of ? L. quercus than with those of $ 

 L. quercus. The anal portion of the pupa of L. que?xus is less 

 smoothly rounded, and covered with a growth of stout, recurved, 

 chitinous bristles. The face-parts appear to be identical, although 

 their relative proportions may differ slightly, but the pupal head of 

 L. quercils projects slightly ventral ly, which is certainly not the 

 case with that of C. potatoria. The pupae of L. quercus and C. 

 potatoria agree in being comparatively smooth and shiny, whilst that 

 of E. quercifolia is so dusted with white powder that the skin shows 

 a marked bloom \ Bacot). 



Dehiscence. — The dehiscence of the pupa of L. quercus takes 

 place along the mediodorsal line from meta- to prothorax, the latter 

 being entirely detached from the rest of the case, and, in all the pupae 

 examined, has dropped out. The fracture extends along the front 

 of the antennae about as far as the base of the second pair of legs, 

 and between the antenna- and wing-cases, for a little less than half 

 the length of the former. There is also a fracture between the 

 wings and the mesothorax for about half the length of the latter, 

 whilst posteriorly the break extends between the meso- and meta- 

 thorax, and between the fore- and hindwings as far back as the 

 spiracles on the 3rd abdominal segment (Bacot). 



Foodplants. — Quercus, Betula, Primus spinosa, Erica, Saiix 

 (Linn6), bramble (Brown), blackthorn, whitethorn, maple (Tutt), 

 Rosa canina, Betula alba (Lambillion), Com us sanguinea (Allchin), 

 sallow (Freeman), plum, pear, raspberry (Edelsten), hazel, fruit- 

 trees (Riihl), Sarothamnus, Salix sp. preferred, Cat tuna (Hering), 

 Rubus saxatilis (S. E. Z., xxxix., p. 438), Portugal laurel (Wilson), 

 dwarf sallow (Porritt), laurel, ivy (Pitman), meadowsweet (Arkle), 

 sand-rose (Gardner), broom (Holland) ash, elm (Bower), Hippophaes 

 rhamnoides (Raynor), leaves of many trees and some low plants, 

 apple, &c. (Caradja), Vaccinium myrtillus, &c. (Meurer), V. uligin- 

 osum, Arbutus and fruit-trees (Cum y Martorell), Pinus (Garbowski), 

 Cytisus (Nesbitt), aspen (Nolcken), gorse (Turner), rose (Charles), 



