LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS. 105 



moors among the Scotch mountains than elsewhere. Some of the 

 habitats given for the typical form are noted as follows : The males 

 fly swiftly up and down the cliffs in the afternoon sun at Dover 

 and Folkestone (Pickett); hedges in Guernsey and Sark (Luff); 

 the favourite localities in Notts appear to be hedgerows, but 

 the males fly freely in wood ridings, and have been observed 

 flying round, and settling upon, oak (Lievers) ; in lanes on 

 bramble and hawthorn at Salisbury (Ridley) ; in woods and on 

 hedges throughout Sussex (Nicholson) ; on the sandhills at Wallasey, 

 Crosby and Formby (Freeman); larvae always abundant on hedges 

 in the Eastbourne district (Montgomery) ; on heather in the New 

 Forest (Edelsten); hedges in the Brighton district (Merrifield) ; 

 hedges in the Gloucester district (Merrin) ; hedges by roadsides in 

 Lincoln district (Musham) ; whitethorn hedges at Reading, but on 

 willow and broom on the banks of the Yar in the Isle of 

 Wight (Holland); hawthorn and bramble hedges at Skipwith (Ash); 

 on whitethorn hedges at Buckingham, especially abundant from 

 1869 to 1873 (Slade); very abundant in some years on the sand- 

 hills of the Lancashire and Cheshire coast (G. O. Day) ; especially 

 so on the Wallasey sandhills, where 250 larvae were taken in June, 

 1859 (Galliers) ; in damp hedgerows about Chester, feeding on 

 meadow-sweet (Arkle) ; on the cliffs in great abundance between 

 Weymouth and Portland (Burraud) ; on hedges at Benfleet (Whittle) ; 

 very abundant on the sandhills at Culleenamore, the larvae feeding 

 on dwarf sallow (Russ) ; on the sandhills among sallow at Wallasey 

 (Ellis) ; in hedges and country lanes, as well as moors and coast 

 sandhills, at Durham (Robson) ; on the downs at Emsworth 

 (Christy) ; on rough ground at edge of the cliff at Bembridge, the 

 males flying in swarms (Kaye) ; heaths, hedges, meadows, parks 

 railway banks in Hants and Berks, the males flying swiftly up and down 

 ridings in woods, &c. (Clarke) ; low growing ivy in woodside 

 hedges produce most unstung larvae, a large proportion of those high 

 up are ichneumoned (Williams); hedgerows at Darenth (Newman); 

 hedges by roadside at Darenth, Lee, Eltham, Bexley and Chattenden, 

 in the open forest at Loughton (Bower); chiefly in lanes about 

 Norwich (Pitman) ; on sallow bushes by the seashore at Sandown, 

 on hawthorn hedges near the sea at Southend, on bramble close to the 

 seashore at Deal (Prout);on hedges in the Dept. Loir-et-Cher (Harrison). 

 Nolcken says that in the Baltic Provinces the species prefers birch 

 trees in swampy places, and Favre observes it as very common in the 

 Valais throughout the whole region of deciduous trees. 



Time of appearance.* — The type occurs throughout July 



* We cannot insist too strongly on the apparent vagaries as to the time ot 

 appearance observable in certain broods of this species when reared artificially, 

 Schulz notes (Berl. Ent. Zeits., xlv., Sitz. p. 40) that he had eggs ofvar. sicula, 

 from which larvae emerged at the end of September, 1897, that they fed on through 

 the winter on ivy, the first imago appearing February, 1898, a large number appear- 

 ing in March, after which no more emerged till July, when a few made their 

 appearance, the remainder, about 30, being still alive and going over the winter 

 as pupae. He further observes (lor. eit, p. 61) that the larvae of var, alpina leaves 

 the egg in August, hybernates small, usually under the snow, pupates the following 

 July or August, hybernates again as pupa, the imago emerging the following June. 

 Eggs of this var., sent by him from the Alps to Klooss, in 1899, produced larvae 

 in August, in Berlin, which fed right on and pupated during December of the 

 same year, occupying only some four months from egg to pupa. The dates of the 

 emergence of the imagines are not stated. 



