MACROTHYLACIA RUBI. 127 



its length, a notch, as for the origin of a hair ; behind it is a 

 smaller straight bristle. $ . About 52 joints and a length of 

 9mm. — 10mm.; the irregular dorsal scaling envelops a large proportion 

 of the antennal surface; the pectinations are reduced to projections, 

 about half the width of the antennal shaft in length, each carrying 

 a bristle or spike as in the male, and with the notch well developed ; 

 this spike is large, and makes an addition of about its own length 

 to the pectination; there is one slighter bristle, or sometimes two, 

 behind this as in the male ; each pectination has a few slender 

 hairs basally, but for the rest of its ventral surface is clothed with 

 very fine small hairs. 



Female with supernumerary hindwing. — On June 5th, 1874, 

 Speyer found a ? M. rubi at Rhoden, which had, besides the 4 normal 

 wings, arising independently from the thorax at the base of the left 

 hindwing, whose base it covers from above, a supernumerary wing 

 that runs to the inner angle, which it completely reaches. Its 

 length is, therefore, that of a normal hindwing, but its breadth does 

 not exceed 6mm., and, as it is narrowed somewhat on each side 

 medially, it appears as a longish flap, arising from a broader base. 

 The texture, scaling and colour are normal, and the gently arched 

 costa is somewhat bent inwards and short-haired, the blunt end 

 (the outer margin) of the flap fringed. The winglet is traversed 

 by 4 moderately strong parallel longitudinal nervures, of which three 

 run out to the outer margin, the fourth is shorter and ends on the 

 costa at two-thirds of its length ; these arise at or near the base 

 of the wing. The left normal hindwing is a little smaller than 

 the right, and not quite so thickly scaled, although of normal form 

 and neuration; its inner margin is, however, torn and crumpled. The 

 formation of the additional winglet has not been without its effect 

 on the normal one, and has, probably, caused the insect some diffi- 

 culty in freeing itself from the pupal shell, to which the injury to 

 the wing-margin is probably due. The body and other three wings 

 are those of an ordinary well-developed female of ordinary colour 

 and markings (Speyer, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xlix., p. 206). 



Gynandromorphism. — The only references to gynandromorphous 

 examples of this species, known to us, are the following : 



a. A male the abdomen of which was filled with eggs (Purrmann, Zeitschr. f. 

 Entomologie Breslau, ix., Vereinsnachr., p. xxv). [No further details are given.] 

 (Schultz, ///. Woch. fiir Ent., i., p. 383). 



j3. There is a reference by Schultz (Illus. Zeits. fur E?it., iii., p. 169), to 

 Moureau, " Bull. Soc. Entom. de la Gironde," No. 8. We cannot determine this 

 reference, nor do we know to what publication it refers. 



Variation. — There is considerable variation in size and colour 

 in both sexes of this species, as also in the character of the trans- 

 verse lines. It is almost impossible to classify the aberrations, which 

 run into each other in most instances by imperceptible gradations. 

 There are two very distinct types of male coloration, bright foxy- 

 red, and deeper, duller brown-red (often almost grey), whilst the greater 

 or less development of the pale shade between the outer median line 

 and the outer marginal shade gives a very distinct character to 

 certain examples, especially when the basal area is also pale. The 

 males may be grouped as : 



Ground-colour beight fox-red. 

 1 . With widely separated transverse lines to forewings— ab. rufa-separata, n. ab. 



