138 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



Newcastle, on the borders of Cumberland and Northumberland 

 (Nicholson) ; September 27th, 1895, in abundance at Great Ayton, 

 hatched June 13th, 1901, fullgrown on September 5th, from Guisbro' 

 (Lofthouse); November 9th, 1895, on the Pentlands (Evans); July 

 10th, 1895, at Worcester (Rea); September 12th, 1896, nearly full- 

 fed, February 8th, 1898, quite fullfed, in Reading district (Butler); 

 July 18th — 26th, 1898, in New Forest, small (Carr) ; October 19th, 

 1898, at Torquay (Sich);* September 1st to October 30th, i9oo,.in great 

 numbers in the Isle of Man (Clarke) ; larvae crawling over the 

 roads between Torre Pellice and Villar, August 3rd — 17th, 1901, a 

 week later at Bobbie (Tutt). Fallou gives {Bull Soc. Ent. Fr., (6), 

 viii., pp. clx — clxii) some notes on the habits of the larva, and 

 further notes (be. ci't., ix., p. xxii) on its foodplants. Schilde has 

 recorded (Ent. Nachr., viii., p. 47) an instance of frozen larvae reviving. 

 In Bull. Soc. Ent. France, (5), hi., pp. exxx — exxxi, there is a note 

 of Botrytes in the larva, and one may further call attention to an 

 account of fungi found on this species, Psyche, 1891, p. 8. 



Larva. — The newly-hatched larva eats a quantity of the eggshell. 

 The head is black, smooth and shiny, a few hairs on face. The division 

 between the lobes distinct but not deep. The body is jet black in 

 colour, except at the segmental incisions which are pale yellow. The 

 scutellum bears two conspicuous tubercles covered with rather long 

 hairs. The prothoracic ear-like tubercles (prespiracular) are situated in 

 front of the spiracles, and are fairly well developed. The dorsal tubercles 

 on all the segments are covered with long hairs, some white, others 

 black. In the first instar (when well-grown, June 21st, 1900) the 

 larva is rather long, slender, cylindrical or nearly so, with a tendency 

 to (or appearance of) flattening on ventral area, due partly, if not 

 wholly, to hairs on marginal tubercles ; tapers slightly from thoracic 

 segments to anus, and with an ill -developed hump on the 8th 

 abdominal segment ; prolegs rather long, well raised from resting- 

 surface. Head: Small (on emergence it is comparatively large), 

 rounded, with a well-marked tendency to a trapezoidal outline, slightly 

 notched at crown; black, surface polished, with fine, rather long, scat- 

 tered, whitish hairs ; antennae rather prominent, partly due to having 

 brown upper joint and whitish base. Body: The thoracic segments shorter 

 and stouter than those of abdomen, the latter becoming longer and more 

 slender towards anus ; colour velvety-black on dorsum and upper lateral 

 areas, losing velvety appearance, and paling to a smoky hue on lower 

 lateral and ventral areas; intersegmental folds on dorsal, subdorsal, and 

 upper lateral areas brilliant yellow, especially noticeable between 

 pro- and mesothorax, and between meso- and metathorax, where 

 yellow area is increased ; the larva very hairy for so early a stage ; 

 the hairs long, fine, minutely serrated, mostly black, but a few 

 (usually the longest) white ; the prothorax with a black chitinous 

 scutellar plate, the anal segment with a small dorsal plate ; tubercles 

 large, wart-like, each bearing many hairs, they are, however, not 

 chitinous or horny except as regards the bases of individual hairs ; 

 dorsal tubercles placed trapezoidally on all segments from mesothorax 

 to 8th abdominal inclusive — i considerably larger than ii, ii remaining, 

 however, a large many-haired wart : on prothorax there is a line 

 of 4 large warts on the front of the scutellum, and two (one on 

 either side of median line) at posterior edge of segment, ill-developed, 



