MACROTHYLACIA RUBI, 143 



(3 $ s and 2 $ s) now under examination can I find trace of 3rd pair of 

 legs externally. (I suspect that a ? pupa already described as showing 

 the extreme tips of this pair, must have been abnormal in this respect) 

 (Bacot, May 20th, 1900). Our own description of the pupa reads as 

 follows : The head, thorax, wings, and limbs are dull black, the ab- 

 domen shiny black. The head not prominent, the mouth-parts ventral. 

 The labrum divided by a median line, mandibles small, round, one 

 on either side of labrum, the labial palpi (centrally) very small, 

 the maxillae (between the 1st pair of legs) and the first two pairs of 

 legs well-developed, the bases of the second pair being hidden 

 by the antennae. The antennae with central shaft and inner and 

 outer series of pectinations. The antennae and second pair of legs 

 end at about three-fourths from the base of the wing along the 

 costa. The wings have a peculiar silky appearance, the hindwings 

 extending beyond the forewings from the metathorax to the apex. 

 The glazed eye, extending from near the base of the antenna to the 

 base of the first leg, is a well-developed structure, although in- 

 conspicuous from its resemblance to the ground colour. The tip 

 of the third pair of legs is just noticeable beyond the apices of 

 the wings. The prothorax is frontal, well-developed, and covered with 

 short golden-brown bristles, with a slight shining longitudinal median 

 ridge (continued over the mesothorax) ; a very distinct sutural 

 division exists between the pro- and mesothorax, the inconspicuous 

 prothoracic spiracle being placed at the lower end of the suture. 

 The mesothorax well-developed, the sides extending into the broad 

 anterior wing-bases. The metathorax narrow and ill-developed. The 

 abdominal segments are strongly hooped, the movable incisions 

 falling between 4-5, 5-6, and 6-7 ; the dorsum of the 1st, 2nd, and 

 3rd abdominal segments wrinkled, the 4th segment very wide, the 

 7th and 8th wider than the 5th and 6th ; there is also a faint 

 trace of a mediodorsal ridge. Each segment bears a transverse 

 ridge of thick, short, golden-brown bristles ; so numerous are 

 these that the brown colour is quite distinct to the naked eye. 

 The cremastral area is rounded, rough, and very thickly studded 

 with similar short bristles, but totally useless for attachment. The 

 movable incisions are very smooth. The abdominal spiracles, somewhat 

 lunular in shape, with a slightly raised elliptical rim, very distinct on 

 the second and following abdominal segments, although those on the 

 5th and 6th are nearly covered by the depth of the movable incisions. 

 The sexual organs are very conspicuous. The ventral area is not so 

 strongly covered with bristles as are the lateral and dorsal areas. 

 The abdominal incisions orange-brown, very prominent and conspic- 

 uous. Lyonet figured (Anat. Ins., pi. xxiv., fig. 12) the female sexual 

 organs of this species (see, anted, vol. ii., p. 54). 



Parasites, &c. — The species appears to be very much affected 

 with parasites in all the early stages. Apanteles difficilis*, Nees, 



* Emerges from young larva before third moult (Bignell). Arkle notes 

 [Ent., xxx., p. 69) the appearance of examples of this species in December from 

 larvae in confinement, the rest going over the winter ; the specimens were referred 

 . to this species by Bignell floe, cit., p. 122). Bignell writes (Ichn. S. Devon., p. 16) : 

 Bred from M. rubi, Aug. 17th, 1883; the larva was attacked in 2nd moult ; eleven 

 cocoons were produced ; they remained in this stage 14 days ; the cocoons are flesh- 

 coloured ; the parasitic larvae on leaving their host do not cluster their cocoons, nor 

 do they leave the body of the victim simultaneously, consequently they are scattered ; 

 from 1 to 20 come from a single caterpillar ; some remain through the winter ; the 

 majority, however, are only in pupal stage from 10-14 days. 



