210 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



13 larvae, May 6th, 7th, 1893, at Wicken, varied in length from 1^- 

 4I inches (Moberly) ; full-fed near King's Lynn, May 13th, 

 1894 (Glenny) ; June 16th, 1896, in Wicken Fen (W. Hewett) ; full- 

 fed larvae at Wicken, June 18th, 1897 (Kaye) ; larvae, August 12th, 

 1897, before hybernation, at Oxton (Studd) ; larvae 2 inches long at 

 Margate, May 1st, 1900 (Colthrup) ; larvae full-fed at Much Hadham 

 on June 24th, 1900 (Newland) ; May 29th, 1900, at Kelvedon (P. C. 

 Reid). 



Larva. — First instar {newly-hatched) : Very short and broad, 

 square-ended in appearance ; fairly large head, the body tapering 

 from thorax to anus ; length about three-sixteenths of an inch ; body 

 fairly well raised from surface when crawling • prolegs rather long ; the 

 body gives rather the impression of being of a O-section than cylindrical. 

 Head large, notably wide, surface dead black, a few fine white and 

 black hairs. The segmental incisions not deeply cut, but the inter- 

 segmental areas distinct. Scutellum not very marked, except the 

 ridge on front of prothorax, bears four large many-haired tubercular 

 warts on its front, and two behind ; on the meso- and metathorax 

 the four dorsal tubercular warts arranged as if at four corners of a 

 square; on the abdominal segments arranged as trapezoidals ; all 

 are rounded, large, and many-haired. On the 8th abdominal the 

 anterior trapezoidals are very large and placed on a tall fleshy hump 

 or prominence. On the 9th abdominal there are also two raised 

 dorsal tubercular warts. The lateral tubercular warts are — a large 

 supraspiracular, a very large accessory prespiracular, placed very 

 far forward in line with spiracle, a smaller subspiracular placed well 

 below the spiracle, and two large marginal tubercular warts at base 

 of prolegs united to form one large longitudinal wart that forms, by 

 its union with the adjacent warts, the raised flange. The subdorsal 

 prespiracular wart on the prothorax is very large. The colour of 

 the larva is dead black, a deep velvety patch on 2nd and 8th 

 abdominal segments ; slightly paler on thoracic than on abdominal 

 segments, especially the intersegmental areas. A large, square, 

 fleshy (red-grey) patch on dorsum of 1st abdominal. First instar 

 {full grown) : Head rounded, division of lobes distinct, small, 

 rather retracted, surface dull, colour black, very hairy. Body : 

 already appears to be of the adult pattern, low and wide at thorax, 

 thickest at pro- and mesothorax, tapering gradually both laterally and 

 dorsally to anal segment ; a fleshy cone or horn on 8th abdominal 

 segment which bears both anterior trapezoidals as twin warts at its 

 summit ; the lappets already in evidence; but the body is really 

 cylindrical though carried very low ; colour is dull black, warts blue- 

 black ; two pale yellow spots present on the dorsum of mesothorax, 

 one on either side, and situated between tubercles i, ii and iii ; 

 another pair of spots in similar position on metathorax, the remainder 

 of the dorsal area of the metathorax, and the whole (or nearly the whole) 

 of the 1 st abdominal segment are pale, dirty white, and structurally weak, 

 to judge by the tubercles, which are smaller than the corresponding ones 

 on other segments, i.e., warts ii on metathorax are smaller than on meso- 

 thorax and both pairs of trapezoidals on 1st abdominal are smaller 

 than on the following abdominal segments ; a large part (about three- 

 fourths) of the dorsal and subdorsal area of 2nd abdominal is dusky 

 black, much darker than on the rest of the body area, and here the 



