236 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



Rounded-oblong-, smooth. Larva : Stout, attenuated anteriorly, with few hairs ; all 

 prolegs developed. Pupa : In a tough elongate-oval cocoon above ground. 



The species is occasionally gynandromorphous. Schultz notices 

 no fewer than 7 examples which he describes (Ilhis. Woch.filr Ent.,\\., 

 p. 494, and iii., p. 184). The first of these to be made known to entomolo- 

 gists wasthat figured by Ernst and Engramelle, Pap. d' Europe, iv., pi. 1, 

 suppl. fig. 169. For the complete list see posted, pp. 238 — 239. 



Standfuss reared this species in large numbers in successive 

 years, and gives the following as representing the numbers of each 

 sex reared, viz., 1886 — 2i^s, 3i$s; 1888 — 1986*5, 57 £ s ; 1889 — 

 72 $ s, 193 ? S=29I $ s, 281 £ s. 



Like so many of our species that we consider have spread to us 

 from northern latitudes, this species frequently exists for two and 

 three years in the pupal state ; imagines have been known to emerge 

 from pupae that have been in the latter stage at least five years. 



Packard states (Textbook of Entomology, p. 634) that " the 

 imago of the Attacine moths cuts or saws through its cocoon by 

 means of a pair of large, stout, black spines (sectores coconis), one 

 on each side of the thorax at the base of the forewings, and provided 



with five or six teeth on the cutting edge (cfr. fig. 591, p. 635) 



The cocoon-cutter occurs in all the American genera (Samia, etc.), 

 and is large and well-marked in the European Saturnia pavonia-minor 

 and Endromis (Dimorp/ia) versicolora." What the imago of Dimorpha 

 wants with a cocoon-cutter, considering that the pupa and not the 

 imago emerges from the cocoon, has not yet been explained, and, 

 as a matter of fact, Chapman notes that D. versicolora has no cocoon- 

 cutter ; it has the portion of wing-hinge that becomes a cocoon-cutter 

 in Antheraea, &c, but it is not much more developed than in many 

 moths, such as Lachneids, etc. Chapman points out {Ent. Rec, 

 xiii., p. 300) that the cocoon-cutter of Actias luna acts by teasing out 

 the silk and not by cutting it, the silk being first softened by an 

 abundance of fluid exuded by the moth. 



Dimorpha versicolora, Linne. 



Synonymy. — Species : Versicolora, Linn.," Sys. Nat.,"xth ed.,p. 499 (1758) ; 

 xiith ed., p. 817 (1767) ; Schev., "Naturf.," xiv., p. 66 (1780) ; Fab., "Sys. Ent.," p. 

 565 (1775) ; " Speclns.,"ii., p. 178 (1781); "Mant. Ins.," p. 113(1787) ; " Ent. Sys.," 

 iii., pt. 1, p. 427(1793) ; Sulz., " Abgek. Gesch. Ins.," p. 159, pi. 21, fig. 4 (1776) ; 

 Esp., " Schmett. Eur.," iii., pi. xxiii (1783)^. 115 (1784) ; View., " Tab. Verz.," i„ p. 

 38 (1789) ; Bkh., " Sys. Besch.," iii., p. 42 (1790) ; Brahm, " Insek.-Kal.," ii., 1, pp. 

 183, 526 (1791) ; Hb.', "Eur. Schmett.," text p. 102 (1805) ; " Verz.," p. 143 [circ. 

 1822) ; " Franck Cat.," p. 88 (1825) ; Latr., " Gen. Crust.," iv., p. 219 (1809) ; Ochs., 

 "Die Schmett.," iii., p. 16 (1810) ; Godt., "Hist. Nat.," iv., p. 149 (1823); 

 Stephs., " Illus.," ii., p. 34 (1828) ; " Cat. Br. Ins.," ii., p. 45 (1829) ; Bdv., " Eur. 

 Lep. Ind. Meth.," p. 50 (1829) ; " Gen. et Ind. Meth.," p. 74 (1840) ; Dup., "Cat. 

 Meth.," p. 80 (1844); Evers., " Faun. Volg.-Ural.," p. 119 (1844); Herr.-Sch., 

 "Sys. Bearb.," ii., p. 98 (1846), Boh., "Vet. Ak. Hand.," 1848, pp. 150— 1 

 (1850); Heyd., "Eur. Lep. Cat. Meth.," ed. 3, p. 28 (1851); Sta., " Man.," i., 

 P- J 59 (^57); Speyer, " Gcog. Verb. Schmett.," i., p. 415 (1858); Hein., 

 " Schmett. Deutsch.," p. 199 (1859) ; Stand., "Cat.," 1st ed., p. 30(1861); 2nd ed., 

 p. 70 (1871); 3rd ed., p. 125 (1901) ; Gascoyne, " Entom.," ii., p. 184(1865); 

 Ramb., "Cat. Lep. And.," p. 367 (1866); Snell., " Dc Vlind.," p. 193 (1867); 

 Berce, "Faun. Franc.," ii., p. 203 (1868); Nolck., "Lep. Fn. Estl.," i., p. 131 

 (1868); Wllgra., "Skand. Het.," ii., p. 125 (1869); Curd, " Bull. Soc. Ent. It.," 

 viii., p. 153 (1876); Frev, "Lep. Schwciz," p. 99 (1880); Kirby, "Eur. 

 Butts, and Moths," p. 125 (1880); Meyr., "Handbook," &c, p. 319 (1895); 

 Barr., "Lep. Brit.," iii., p. 50 (1896); Grote, "Die Saturn.," p. 5 (1896). 

 Versicoloria, Linn., " Svs. Nat.," xith ed., p. 499(1760); Hfn., " Berl. Mag.," 

 ii., p, 400(1766) ; [Schiff.,] "Sys. Verz.," ed. 1, p. 49 (1775); ed. 2, p. 55 (1801) ; 



