256 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



the absence of the serrated V-ridge on front of headpiece, and the 

 presence of recurved hooks or bristles fitted to hold the pupa to the silk 

 of the cocoon ; in the pupa of D. versicolora the spines on the horn 

 are pyramidal and pointed only, and with no hooks, but with fine 

 brown bristles between the spines ; the pupa of A. tau emerges 

 as far as middle only, while that of D. versicolora may entirely 

 emerge (Bacot). Buckler gives the measurement of a $ pupa 

 as 12 — 15 lines, of a $ pupa 17 — 18 lines, or a little more; the 

 pupa very stout, the diameter across the bulkiest part at the end 

 of the wing-covers in the male ranges from 4 — \\ lines, in the 

 female 6 lines ; the head has the mouth-parts a little produced in 

 a squarish form, flanked by the curved antenna-cases in high relief; 

 thence the head is bluntly rounded above in an unbroken swelling 

 curved outline to the end of the wing-covers, including the thorax 

 and upper abdominal rings ; the movable abdominal rings are very 

 deeply cut, and, below, these are well-defined, the last ring ending 

 with a prolonged flattened caudal process tapering a little to the 

 squarish extremity, where it has a margin of hooks and bristles ; 

 the surface is remarkably dull and rough everywhere, except in the 

 divisions between the movable rings, yet even there it is quite 

 dull ; the roughness on the head, thorax, upper rings and wing- 

 covers is striated, granulous, or wrinkled; the movable and lower 

 rings of the abdomen have on the back transverse rows of stout 

 and sharp hooks pointing behind ; the colour is a sooty or dingy 

 brown, black in the abdominal divisions. Poulton describes and 

 figures (Morph. Lep. Pupa, p. 208, pi. xxi., fig. 14) the terminal 

 abdominal segments of the pupa as follows : 



Fig. 14 x 7. The last three segments seen from the dorsal aspect. The 

 surface of the pupa is extremely rough and richly beset with spines, which take a 

 backward direction, and probably assist in emergence from the cocoon. The scar 

 of the caudal horn is unusually distinct and large in the individual figured ; it is 

 placed, as in the pupae of Sphingidae, upon the 8th abdominal. 



Poulton further notes that the blunt horn of the larva leaves 

 in the pupa a very large scar very different in appearance from the 

 rest of the pupal surface. 



Pupal habits. — Merrifield notes that, in 1859, of some two 

 dozen pupae, 12 to 15 were showing, by March 12th, their black 

 heads in all directions, having forced themselves up out of their 

 cocoons, whilst a few had quite disengaged themselves ; four or 

 five had already worked their heads out of the cocoons by March 

 5th. Gascoyne observes (E/it., ii., p. 184) that pupae should, in 

 spring, have the benefit of the sun's rays, and will then, towards 

 the end of March commence working, head foremost, out of the 

 cocoons, coming up naturally through the moss, remaining exposed 

 for a week or ten days, more or less, as the weather may be warm 

 or otherwise, until the imagines appear ; the moss in a cage with 

 many cocoons becomes, at this time, studded with the brown 

 heads of the pupae looking very like the ends of cigars. Buckler 

 compares the emergence of the pupa from its cocoon, before the 

 emergence of the imago, with that of a Cossid or Zeuzerid pupa. 

 He notes that about a week or ten days before the time of emergence 

 the cocoon is pushed by the enclosed pupa from a prone to a 

 vertical position, the upper end is ruptured, and the pupa protrudes 



