266 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



species known as Antheraea menippe, A. tyrrhea, and A. cytheraea 

 (dione) do not form an ordinary Antheraea-like cocoon, but " burrow 

 into the ground without forming any cocoon or shell of any sort," 

 whilst " the bare pupae of these species resemble each other so much 

 that it is difficult to distinguish them from one another." Similarly the 

 larvae of Gynanisa or ' Saturnia' 1 isis and Bunaea caffraria also "burrow 

 into the ground without forming any cocoon." 



The early authors really knew nothing of the relationships of the 

 Attacids until Hiibner worked out his scheme of classification about 

 1822 in the Verzeichniss. Linne, in the Sy sterna Naturae, 10th ed., 

 pp. 495 — 497, included them in his Phalaenae-Bombyces, but in the 

 1 2th ed., pp. 808 et sea., separated them from these, and called them 

 Phalaenae- Attaci, whilst, with the exception of the separation of spini, 

 pyri, carpini {pavonia-minor) and tau under the name Saturnia, 

 by Schrank, in 1802, and the grouping of these species into two 

 sections by Hiibner in the Tenidmen in 1806 — Heraeae for IPeraea 

 carpini and Echidnae for Echidna tau — there really was no attempt to 

 classify the heterogeneous material according to the relationship of 

 the species until Hiibner's classification was given us in the Verz., 

 pp. 143 et sea. So important was this, that most of Hiibner's names 

 stand to-day. His grouping is as follows : 



Phalanx III: Phal^n^ (Phal^einle - Attaci et Bombyci, Linn., 

 Bombyci, Cossi et Hepialt, Fab.). 



Tribus I : Sphingoides. 



Stirps 5 : Echidna. 

 Fam. 1 : Caudate — 



a. Coitus : Dysdaemoniae — Dysdaemonia boreas, Cram. 



b. Coitus : Eudaemoniae — Eudaemonia semiramis, Cram., E. 



uroarge, Hb. (argus, Stoll). 



c. Coitus: Tropaeae — Tropaea luna, Linn., T. selene, Hb. 



(tuna, Cram.). 

 Fam. 2 : Lunate — 



a. Coitus : Antheraeae — Antheraea mylitta, Dru., A. papJiia, 



Linn., A.jana, Cram. 



b. Coitus : Agliae — Aglia tau, Linn., A. cytherea, Fab., A. 



tirrhaea, Cram. 

 Fam. 3 : Communiformes — 



a. Coitus : Dirphyae — Dirphia tarquinia, Hb. [tarquinius, 



Cram.), D. acidalia, Hb. (tarquinia, Cram.), D. 

 speciosa, Cram., D. agis, Cram. 



b. Coitus: Citheroniae — atheroma regis, Abb. (regalis, Fab.), 



6". anassa, Hb. (laocoon, Cram.), C. phoronca, Cram.). 



c. Coitus: Eaclae — Eacles imperatoria, Abb. (imperialism Stoll), 



E. penelope, Cram., E. acheloe, Hb. (achelous, Cram.), 

 E. cynira, Cram., E. eu/a/ia, Stoll. 

 Fam. 4 : Recondentes— 



a. Coitus : Imbrasiae — Imbrasia ep'unethea, Cram. 



b. Coitus : Bunaeae — Bunaea caffra, Hb. (caffraria, Stoll), B. 



alcinoe, Cram.). 



c. Coitus: leleae — Telea polyphema, Hb. (polyphennis, Cram.). 



d. Coitus : Automeres — Automeris Janus, Cram., A. armidis, 



('ram., A. satmonea, Cram., A. Liberia, Cram.. .7. 

 irene, Cram., A. jucunda, Cram., A. egeas, Cram., A. 

 meia, Cram.. A. arminia, Cram. 



e. Coitus: Gameliie — Gatnelia abasia, Cram., G. abas, Cram., 



G. irniina, Cram. 

 /'. Coitus : Ilypcrchiriac — J 'iy perch i/i'a nausica, Cram., //. io, 



Cram. 

 Fam. 5 : SPECiLARlis— 



a. Coitus : Attaci — Attacus atlas, Linn., A. tolas. Hb. (alias, 



Cram.), A. aurota, Cram., A. Hesperus, Linn. 



