SATURNIA. 295 



P. 773 (1892); "Handbook." &c, iv., p. 105 (1897); Buckl., " Larvae," &c, iii., 

 pi. Hi., tig. 1 (1889); Auriv., " Nord. Fjar.," p. 66 (1889); Meyr., "Handbook," 

 p. 313 (1895); Tutt, "Brit. Moths," p 42 (1896); Barr., "Lep. Brit.," iii., p. 

 57 (1896) ; Grote, " Die Saturniiden," p. 3 (1896) ; Reutti, "Lep. Bad.," 2nd ed., 

 p. 59 (1899). Phalaena- Bombyx, Linn., " Sys. Nat.," ed. x., p. 496 (1758) ; 

 "Faun. Suec," ed. 2, p. 291 (1761); Mull., " Fn Frid.," p. 38 (1764) ; " Zool. 

 Dan.," p. 117 (1776); Bkh., "Eur. Schmett.," iii., p 34 (1790); Brahm, "Ins. 

 Kal.," ii., 1, pp. 173, 450 (1791) ; [F. J. A. D.,] " Rhein. Mag.," p. 328 (1793) ; 

 Cuv., " Tabl. Elem.," p. 594 (? 1798). Phalaena-Attacus, Linn., "Sys. Nat.," 

 ed. xii., p. 810 (1767); Lang, " Verz.," ed. 2, p. 81 (1789); Schwarz, " Raup.- 

 Kal.," p. 234 (1791); Esp., "Schmett. Eur.," iii., pi. iv., p. 35 (1782). 

 Phalaena, Scop., " Ent. Cam.," p. 192 (1763); Fuess., " Schw. Ins.," p. 33 

 (1775); "Neu. Mag.," ii., p. 268 (1785); iii., 2, p. 149 (1787); Hfn., "Bed. 

 Mag.," ii., pp. 394, 428 (1766); Sulzer, " Kenn. d. Ins.," p. 38 (1761); Retz., 

 "Gen. Spec. Ins.," p. 25 (1783). Bombyx, Fab., " Sys. Ent.," p. 539 (1775); 

 " Spec. Ins.," ii., p. 171 (1781) ; " Mant. Ins.," ii., p. 110 (1787); "Ent. Sys.," 

 iii., pt. 1, p. 416 (1793) ; [Schiff.,] " Schmett. Wien.," ed. i., p. 50 (1775) ; ed. ii., p. 

 66 (1801); Hb., "Eur. Schmett.," figs. 53, 54, 255 (circ. 1800) ; text p. 116 (1805); 

 Schrk., "Faun. Boica," ii., 1, p. 249 (1801); View., " Tab. Verz.," p. 29 (1789) ; 

 Rossi, " Faun. Etr.," ii., p. 168 (1790); Haw., "Lep. Brit.," i., p. 78 (1803) ; Latr., 

 "Hist. Nat.," xiv., p. 176 (1805) ; " Gen. Crust.," iv., p. 218 (1809) ; " Consid.," 

 &c, p. 441 (1810) ; Godt., "Hist. Nat.," iv., p. 68 (1822). Heraea, Hb., 

 "Tent.," p. 1 (1806); "Franck Cat.," p. 88 (1825). Attacus, Germ., "Bomb 

 Spec," i., p. 10(1811); Dup., "Cat. Meth.," p. 79 (1844) ; Rambur, "Cat. Lej 

 Andal.," p. 378 (1869). Pavonia, Hb., "Verz., ' p. 157 (circ. 1822). 



Schrank's original description of the genus reads as follows : 



Fuhlhorner : zweyreihig g-ekammt ; beyde Reihen fast in einerley Flache 

 verbreitet. Zunge : fehlt. Schnauzen: zwo, behaart. F lit gel : dicht beschuppet, 

 in der Ruhe anfhegend, ziemlich verbreitet : die obern breit. Raupe : nackt, 

 walzenformig, mit borstig gestirnten Warzeu. [Hieher recline ich die Familie B. 

 des Wiener Verzeichnisses nebst dem Bombyx T. aus der vorhergehenden Familie. 

 Also] — Saturnia pyri, S. spini, S. carpini, S. tan. 



The genus as constituted by Schrank is heterotypical, tau being 

 quite distinct generically from the other three species. In 1806, 

 Hiibner, neglecting Schrank ; s genus, created (Tentamen, p. 1) two 

 new stirpes (with genera) — (1) Echidnae — Echidna with tau as type. 

 (2) Heraeae — Heraea, with carpini as type. The question, therefore, 

 arises, as the original genus Saturnia was split by Hiibner into 

 two moieties with a new name for each, as to which shall retain 

 the original generic title. Both names were published simultaneously 

 although Echidna has priority of position on the page. In 1809, 

 Latreille (Consid., iv., p. 218) restricted Saturnia (as a subgenus of 

 Bombyx) to " pavonia, Fb." (i.e., carpini, pyri and. spini); in 18 10, 

 Ochsenheimer (Die Schmett., iii., pp. 1 and 11) not knowing of Hiibner's 

 subdivision, but recognising, as the latter had done, the heterotypical 

 nature ot Saturnia, Schrk., restricted the latter to carpini, pyri and 

 spini, but created the genus Aglia for tau. These being the first real 

 limitations of Schrank's genus Saturnia, the latter name must be 

 retained for pavonia (carpini), spini and pyri, whilst Aglia would 

 fall as a synonym of Echidna had not the latter been preoccupied. 

 In 1 816, Ochsenheimer had obtained the Tentamen and writes (Die 

 Schmett. ,'xw., p. 46): (1) Saturnia, Schrk. = Heraea, Hb. (2) Aglia, 

 Ochs. =Echidna, Hb. About 1822, Hiibner (Verz., p. 152) accepted 

 Ochsenheimer's name Aglia (sinking the preoccupied Echidna as a 

 genus) and also sinks his own genus Heraea, but creates (loc. cit., p. 

 157) the genus Pavonia, for pyri, spini and pavonia, restricting Saturnia 

 to maja, Drury (=proserpiua, Fab.), a species not even mentioned in 

 Schrank's original genus. At the same time he retains Heraeae 



