SATURNIA. 303 



gynandromorphic forms, and vice versa ; " and again, that " the 

 degeneration and malformation of the egg germs which these 

 gynandromorphic forms have been shown by anatomical investigation 

 to possess is directly connected with the appearance of secondary 

 female sexual characters in male individuals, and vice versa; the 

 occurrence of secondary male characters in female individuals has long 

 been known to be a fact." Most of the hybrid Saturnian gynandro- 

 morphs at present known have been described at length by Schultz 

 (Ilius. Woch. filr Ent., vols, i., p. 447; in., pp. 294-296) as follows: 



I. S. hybr. emiliae* — a — c. Perfectly gynandromorphic. Left purely ? , right 

 purely $ . Right antenna S , with strong pectinations, left purely ? . Wings 

 sexually the same. Thorax above to the right brownish, to the left more grey- 

 haired. Left legs stronger than right. The sexual aperture not quite as in the 

 female, the male clasps indicated. The ovarian sac in the living example quite 

 distinct. " Body not so stout as that of a female, though stouter than in the male, 

 somewhat distorted towards the right side. The other hybrid-gynandromorphs are 

 almost similar, only the male side in both of them is not so brightly coloured, the 

 female side not so sharply marked ; in one of them the left side is likewise female, 

 the right male : in the other all is reversed ; the latter is also distinctly different in 

 the colouring of the thick, short abdomen, which as to the rest is female. Bred by 

 W. Caspari, Wiesbaden (Jahrb. d. Nass. Ver. Naturk., xlviii., pp. 176 — 177) [/// 

 Woch. filr Ent., i., p. 447]. 



2. S. hybr, risii. — a. A pronounced gynandromorphons example. Both fore 

 wings on the upper side $ , though the shape of the wings is less produced than 

 usual in the male. Of the hindwings the left one is male-coloured from the costal 

 margin to behind the eye-spot, the remaining part to the anal angle entirely female. 

 The right hindwing, doubtless a fifth larger, exhibits from the costal margin to only 

 the front margin of the eye-spot male coloration, the whole of the remaining part is of ? 

 character. On the underside the left forewing and the right hindwing throughout 

 female, the left hindwing has a narrow female-coloured strip on the costal and dorsal 

 margins, but the whole median area is male-coloured. Right forewing preponderantly 

 male, except a female wedge-shaped spot widening out towards the outer margin, and 

 situated between the upper portion of the eye-marking and the outer margin. 

 Right antenna shortly pectinated, male ; the left one above likewise, though still 

 more shortly pectinated, below toothed as in the female. Thorax and base of 

 abdomen on the upper side preponderantly red-brown, male ; the rest of the 

 abdomen and the whole belly below grey-brown. Of the male copulatory 

 organs only the right half (crippled), present, the left wanting. 

 In the Daub collection, Carlsruhe [Bred by Standfuss, see Handbk. d. 

 pal. Grossschm., 1896, pp. 97, 98]. b. ? with gynandromorphous characters. 

 Antennae irregularly toothed and partly ciliated. On the right side, on the 

 underside of the forewing and on the upperside of the hindwing, small stripes of a 

 cT character. Bred by Standfuss of Zurich [loc. cit.) [III. Woch. fur Ent., i., p. 447J. 

 c. <3 with female coloration in places. The upper side of the abdomen, besides the 

 underside of the forewing and the upper- and underside of the hindwing, female-coloured. 

 All the rest purely male. Bred by Standfuss of Zurich {loc. cit.). d. A thoroughly 

 normal ? , although with one i antenna. Bred at Zurich by Standfuss. e — /. 

 Two further examples of this derived hybrid, which Standfuss bred, exhibited like- 

 wise the phenomenon of gynandromorphism [///. Zeits. filr Ent., hi., p. 294.]. 



3. S. hybr. schauficssif. — a. The S characters greatly preponderant, 64mm. in 

 expanse. On the right side, both wings smaller than left and absolutely $ in 

 shape ; right forewing above and below purely $ ; right hindwing with coloration 

 of a ? character in the area at the end of the discoidal cell above and below ; 

 the eye here of abnormal size. Left side : the shape of both wings more ? , 

 here the eye of the forewing is abnormally large ; left forewing above from the 

 end of discoidal cell to the outer margin with many grey, that is ? , scales ; 

 otherwise this wing on both sides, as regards the coloration, of <5 character. 

 Left hindwing above on the whole of the costa up to the middle of the discoidal 

 cell ? -, the rest of the wing 3 - 5 coloured; the eye-marking is also small, corresponding 

 with the right forewing. Below the whole left wing is ? -coloured ; only before the 



* Neither the gynandromorphous example of emiliae bred by Standfuss {Ent., 

 xxxiv., p. 11) nor that oibornemanni [loc. cit., footnote p. 11) appears to have been 

 described. 



t For this and the following descriptions, see Standfuss, Experimentelle- 

 zoologische Studien mit Lepidopteren, separat., pp. 54 et seq. 



