SATURNIA. 305 



than the Citheronian, which is transparent and much more nearly 

 allied to the existent form in Dimorphids and Sphingids. [For 

 a comparison of the eggs of the three European Saturnias see 

 Standfuss, Handbuch, &c, pp. ioo-ioi.] 



The Saturnian larva is a very specialised product, but its line 

 of specialisation appears very simple, and is well exhibited in series, 

 in newly-hatched larvae of ,S. spini, S. pavonia and 6*. pyri. In 

 the first stadium (of S. pavonia) tubercle ii is, on most of the 

 segments, single-haired, i and iii have already assumed a wart-like form, 

 and iv and v united form a subspiracular wart, vi and vii are also more 

 or less wart-like. With the first moult ii disappears, i, iii, iv + 

 v (and to a less extent vi and vii) become large characteristic warts 

 forming a ring round each segment. The newly-hatched larva of 

 S. pyri has the warts already highly developed and coloured, whilst 

 the adult larva of this species is a fine creature, of a lovely pea- 

 green colour, ornamented on each segment with a series of large, 

 beautiful, turquoise-blue, coronal warts, representing i, iii, iv + v, 

 vi and vii, surrounding each segment, each carrying long spathulate 

 hairs, whilst the ioth abdominal segment is very distinct, flat, and 

 bears a dark, red-brown, saddle-shaped, chitinous patch, the rounded 

 edge of the saddle forming the posterior edge of the flap. The 

 dorsal warts on the meso- and metathorax are especially well- 

 developed, whilst the 9th abdominal bears only a dorsal and 

 supraspiracular wart on either side, the others being atrophied ; 

 it is worth while, perhaps, to notice that the warts on the 8th 

 abdominal segment are paired, and similar to those on the pre- 

 ceding segments (Ent. Rec, ix., pp. 112 — 114). Standfuss gives 

 many interesting comparative notes on the larvae of the three 

 European species (Handbuch, &c, pp. 1 01-103, see also anted, pp. 300 — 

 301). Gauckler notes (III. Woch.fiir Ent., ii., p. 143) that the larvae of 

 Saturnia pyri sometimes reach an immense size. Some sent by 

 Locke from Vienna were 135mm. long and 20mm. in thickness. 

 The latter also notes that, from larvae collected in the same district, 

 he bred, in 1889 and 189 1, examples that measured in both sexes 

 from 190 — 220mm. in expanse. As in the Dimorphids, Citheroniids 

 and Sphingids, the adult larva changes colour just before pupation. 



The Saturnian pupa is somewhat different from the very round and 

 straight pupa which may be looked upon as that which is more typical of 

 the superfamily, being flattened from back to front, and with the 

 hinder segments bent well forward (see anted, pp. 280 — 282) ; that 

 of S. pavonia is described at length (posted p. 331), and that of -S. 

 pyri {Ent. Rec, ix., pp. 144 — 146). The pupa of S. pyri is almost 

 cylindrical, tapers only very slightly to the base of wings and then 

 abruptly to the head. The frontal area is, therefore, blunt, as is 

 also the anal area, and the latter does not curve up ventrally as 

 does the pupa of S. pavonia. Standfuss compares the pupae of the 

 three European Saturnias and gives comparative figures of them 

 (Handbuch, &c, pp. 72, 81, 104). 



The Saturnian cocoon is oval in outline, extended into a neck 

 at one end, with a very remarkable lobster-trap arrangement, so 

 arranged, however, as to allow egress and not ingress, less 

 developed, however, in that of ,S. spini than in those of the other 

 two species (see, Standfuss, Handbuch, &c, pp. 72, 81, figs. 1-5). 



