SATURN I A PAVONIA. 333 



are cripples. [For further instances of lengthened pupal stage see 

 posted, pp. 335 et seq.] 



Parasites. — Ambly teles arinatorius, Forst. (Marshall) ; Cryptus 

 fumipennis, Grav. (Bridgman), Exetastes illusor, Grav. (Barker), 

 Pezomachns insolens, Grav. (Elliot), Apanteles immums, Hal. (Decie), 

 Meteorus luridus, Ruthe (Barker), Pteromalus sp. ? (Fitch), Exorista 

 grandis, Zett. (Bignell), Masicera sylvatica, Fin. (Fenn). 



Foodplants. — Almost polyphagous — white poplar, etc. (Burrows), 

 Rosa, Rubus, Ulmus, Corylus, Salix, Pyrits (Linne), sallow, purple- 

 loosestrife, hawthorn, etc. (Farren), Spiraea ulmaria (Tutt), Erica, 

 Calluna (Pearson), Myrica gale (Brown), bramble, apple (Ransom), 

 Erica tetralix, etc. (Atmore), Ononis (Montgomery), willow, etc. 

 (Edelsten), Tormentilla (Dalglish), Vaccinium, Sorbus (Hoffmann), 

 apple, . pear, Rumex crispus (Lambillion), raspberry (Romanoff), 

 birch, elm (Adkin), Helianthemwn halimaefolium (Walker), plum, lilac 

 (Finch), whortleberry (Riihl), Potentilla (Tutt), Sambucus (Blaber), 

 Primus spinosa, Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Alnus glutinosa, 

 Betula alba, Salix caprea, Rosa canina, Erica vulgaris, Fragaria vesca, 

 Vaccinium myrtillus, Hippophaes (Ochsenheimer), walnut (St. John), 

 oak for about fourteen days, then blossoms of bramble, refusing oak 

 for the latter (Winkley), blaeberry (Varty), large strawberry bed 

 eaten almost bare (Johnson). 



Habits. — This is one of the early spring moths, and its habits 

 are very similar to those of Dimorpha versicolora. The 2 is quiet 

 and lethargic, resting near the cocoon from which she has emerged 

 until copulation has taken place, and flying at dusk for the purpose 

 of oviposition. Hewett, however, captured a 2 on the wing on 

 Strensall Common at 4 p.m., and Gordon observed another at 

 Corsemalzie. The 2 is sometimes captured at light ; Jones and 

 Fenn record one each on lamps at Eltham, Bayne one on a street 

 lamp at Enfield, Jenner-Fust another on a street lamp at Bromley, 

 April 24th, 1868. The $ flies swiftly by day, in full sunshine, its 

 erratic flight very intimately connected with the discovery of the 2 . 

 The males are most active from just before noon until 5 p.m., although 

 Holland says that, in his experience, the $ flies chiefly between 2.30 

 p.m. and 5 p.m., rarely earlier. In confinement the greater number 

 of specimens emerge between 9 a.m. and noon (9.45 a.m. is stated 

 by Elliot to be the usual time), and from about 1 p.m. until 3 p.m. 

 the $ s assemble freely to a newly-emerged ? , but we have seen 

 them attracted as early as 11 a.m. and as late as 5 p.m. Finlay 

 considers the $ s most difficult to net between 1 1 a.m. and 2 p.m. 

 Edleston records that he obtained many $ s on White Moss, near 

 Manchester, on April 30th, 1843, by means of a virgin 2 , whilst, 

 in the same locality, on April 28th, 1844, the species was exceedingly 

 abundant, a virgin 2 of S. pavonia attracting, on this date, $ s of 

 Macrothylacia j-ubi, but the latter flew off without attempting to pair. 

 Heathcote with a virgin 2 attracted many Js as early as February 

 29th, 1844, at Winchester, and so freely do they come on the 

 Lancashire mosses that Ellis records as many as 200 $ s assembled 

 on one afternoon by a single 2 on Simonswood Moss, whilst 

 Lambillion states that, at Namur, the g s will enter a house after 

 a newly-emerged ?. Newnham notes that, on May 12th, 1892, 

 he took a newly-emerged 2 to the Longmynds, and assembled 

 literally hundreds of $ s between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. Hewett states 



