SPHlNGlDES. 343 



of the Fauna Suecica, p. 248, repeated the appellation in 

 his references to this species. With the introduction of the 

 binomial system of nomenclature, Linne utilised the name for 

 his large group of the Sphingid moths, containing, indeed, many 

 heterogeneous elements fSyst. Nat., xth ed., pp. 489 et seq.), but he 

 again quotes Reaumur's name with the references to ligustri. For 

 170 years, then, this name has been indissolubly connected with this 

 species, and there can be no doubt, however changed our modern 

 methods, that the typical species of Sphinx for all time will be 

 ligustri. Linne's division Sphinx (toe. cit.) represents considerably more 

 than our superfamily, Sphingides. His diagnosis and subdivisions 

 of the group read as follows : 



Sphinx. Antennae medio crassiores s. utraque extremitate attenuate sub- 

 prismaticae. Alae defiexae (volatu graviore vespertine* s. matutino). 



I. Legitime:. Alis angulatis. — Ocellata, populi, tiliae, ocypete, nerii. 



II. Legitime;. Alis integris, ano simplici. — Convolvuli, ligustri, atropos, 

 caricae, celerio, ello, labruscae, Jicus, vitis, elpenor, porcellns, euphorbiae, alecto, 

 megaera, pinastri, tisiphone, thyelia. 



III. LegitiM/E. Alis integris ano barbate —Tantalus, tityus, ixion, 

 stellatarum, bombyliformis , fuciformls, cidiciformis, salmachus, belis. 



IV. Adscit^e. Habitu et larva diversae. — Fdlpendulae, phegea, creusa, 

 polymelia, cassandra, pectinicomis, statices. 



After Linne, the first author who attempted any advance in 

 the classification of the Sphingids was Fabricius, who, in 1775, 

 restricted the name Sphinx to Linne's sections I and II (siprd), 

 named section III Sesia, and section IV Zygaena. His grouping 

 results as follows (Sys. Ent., pp. 536 — 556) : 



1. Sphinx. Palpi duo reflexi pilosi, lingua spiralis plerisque exserta. 

 Antennae squammatae. — Ocellata, lugubris, popidi, tiliae, nerii, obscura, ello, 

 jatrophae, caroUna, strigilis, atropos, clot ho, ficus, tetrio, rustlca, pinastri, 

 euphorbiae, lineata, vitis, satellitia, oldenlandiae, boer/iavlae, didyma, parce, 

 elpenor, porcellus, convolvidi, ligustri, cingulata, celerlo, ahcto, gnoma, hespera, 

 labruscae, caricae, tersa, thyelia. 



2. Sesia. Palpi reflexi, lingua exserta*, truncataf. Antennae cylindricae, 

 extrorsum crassiores. — Tantalus, hylas, stellatarum, thysbe, fuciformls, apiformis, 

 haemorrhoidalis, cullclformis, tipuliformis. 



3. Zygaena. Palpi reflexi, lingua exserta testacea. Antennae saepius medio- 

 erassiores. — Containing the Anthroeerids, Syntomids, Thyridids, &c. (see antea, 

 vol. i., p 383). 



Scopoli, in 1777, still further subdivided (Introd. Hist. 

 Mat., p. 413) the Sphinx of Linne, calling, however, the four 

 groups Spectrum— a, *, 7, 8— and suggested types. But as a field- 

 naturalist he went further, and subdivided the heterotypical species 

 which Fabricius had placed in Sesia (Linne's Sphinx, sect, iii, supra), 

 calling the Sphingid section Macroglossum and the true clearwings 

 Trochilium, a most important division. He diagnoses and illustrates 

 the groups as follows : 



I. Spectrum. — Alae angulatae, fasciatae, subcaudatae. Larva glabra. 



a. Spectrum alis angulatis. Larva acrocephala, rugosa. Pupa nuda, 



sepulta — Sphinx tiliae, etc, 

 j3. Spectrum alis fasciatis. Larva amblocephala. Pupa prions— Sphinx 



ligustri \, etc. 



* Probably refers to tantalus, hylas, stellatarum, thysbe and fuciformls. 



f Probably refers to apiformis, Sec. 



X Scopoli divides the genus Sphinx, Linn., into Spectrum, Macroglossum, 

 2>ochilium and Anthrocera, and retains no section Sphinx. His Spectrum contains 

 ligustri, Linne's type of Sphinx, and should, therefore, fall as a synonym thereof. 



