344 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



y. Spectrum alis semifasciatis. Larva maculata. Pupa exposita, obtecta 



foliis colligatis — Sphinx euphorbiae, etc. 



d. Spectrum alis subcaudatis. Larva capite retractili. Pupa prions — 



Sphinx celerio, etc. 



II. MACK-OGLOSSUM. — Corpus compressum, lateribus et apice barbatum. 

 Larva elongata, absque maculis ocellaribiis. Pupa exposita tecta foliis elongatis — 

 Sphinx stellatarum, etc. 



III. Trochilium. — Alas pellucidae. Abdomen appice seepius barbatum. Larvae 

 pilis albis, exiguis pubescens. Pupa folliculata *. 



IV. Anthrocera. — Antennae nigra?, subclavatae. Aloe longae, maculatae. 

 Volatus diurnus— Sphinx filipendulae. 



It is quite clear from Scopoli's diagnosis that the larval characters 

 restrict Trochilium to the " clearwings " proper, and exclude such 

 species &s fuciformis, bombyliformis, etc. It is, however, not the place 

 here to enter into the synonymy of the " clearwings." One can only 

 express regret that Scopoli did not name his four sections of Spectrum, 

 which is broadly synonymous with the Sphinx of Fabricius, the 

 Macroglossids and Trochiliids being excluded, and thus differing from 

 the Sphinx of Linne, the type ligustri, however, being specifically 

 included. It is also clear to us that Scopoli's action in erecting 

 Macroglossum [containing as it did the Sphingid clearwings, see 

 diagnosis] ought to have limited the Sesia of Fabricius to api- 

 formis, haemorifioidalis, culiciformis and tipuliformis, as possible 

 types, but did not do so as he was not dealing with the 

 Fabrician genera, whilst Scopoli's Trochilium, being cited without 

 a type, cannot be held to affect the nomenclature, except, as we 

 have already noted, that the reference to the larva shows it to be 

 restricted to the true "clearwing" (sens, strict.) species. But, in 

 1777, Fabricius elaborated the genera of the Systenia Entomologiae, 

 in the Genera Insectorum. His extended description of Sesia (p. 

 159) becomes most important, in spite of Scopoli's synchronous 

 completed action in definitely naming the two main groups included 

 in the Fabrician Sesia of the Systema Entomologiae, for, after an 

 extended description of the imago — 



Lingua spiralis cornea, exserta, porrecta, involuta, filiformes ; obtusa, 

 truncata, bifida : laciniis sequalibus, obtusis, inlus canaliculars supra palporum 

 basin inserti. 



He adds — 



Larva 16 poda, agilis, plerumque nuda, inefmis antice attenuata. Puppa 

 quiescens, nuda laevis, antice posticeque acuminata. Victus larvae e foliis plantarum, 

 imaginis e nectare florum. 



* Prout says: " From the scope of Scopoli's work one knows that he intended 

 to include in Trochilium, Schiffermiiller's ' Sphinx, Fam. F..' which comprises 

 fuciformis, crabroniformis {apiformis, L.), culiciformis. tipuliformis. vespiformis, 

 tenthrediniformis, ichnnimoniformis, fenestrina, asiliformis {z=.iabaniformis, 

 Rott.), and spheciformis. It 'is, therefore, almost synonymous with Sesia, Fab., 

 but with Macroglossum excluded." We prefer to 'look at it from an entirely 

 different standpoint. Scopoli was essentially a field-naturalist (see Knt. Camiolica), 

 and separated the two widely-divergent groups, the Sphingid and Trochiliid clear- 

 wings. His Macroglossum includes just such species as agree with his diagnosis, 

 and his Trochilium comprises the true cleai w ings— " larvae pilis albis. exiguis pubescens ; 

 pupa folliculata. " Scopoli, therefore, reached in 1 777, exactly the same point at which 

 Fabricius arrived in 1807, when he restricted Sesia to the Macroglossid species. 

 and created JBgeria for Scopoli's Trochiliid clearwings. The inclusion of Schiffer- 

 muller's fuciformis and fenestrina would make the genus of course quite 

 heterogeneous. 



