SPHINGIDES. 373 



fulcra from which the moth may push forwards. Looking to the 

 circumstances that we already find an indication of the two forms 

 of these flanges in the Citheroniids, and that the single projection 

 exists in only some Amorphids, whilst in the Eumorphids there is 

 indication of the evolution of the single deep flange from a series 

 of small ridges, it is difficult to avoid believing that this structure 

 arose at least twice, probably oftener, quite independently, and that 

 what the Sphinges inherited from the ancestor they had in common 

 with the Citheroniids, and was not the structure itself, but only a 

 capability of or tendency to develop it." We may here note a 

 peculiar pupal habit which is generally associated with the pupae 

 of the more generalised groups. The pupa of Eumorpha elpenor is 

 capable of progression for some distance in its cocoon, often leaving 

 it altogether before the emergence of the imago. Scudder states that 

 the pupae of the Sphingid genus, Macrosila, emerge from the earth for 

 the escape of the moths, using for this purpose certain flanges in the 

 spiracular region. As to the pupal antennae, Poulton observes that al- 

 though the difference between the male and female imaginal antennal 

 pectinations is not excessive in the Amorphids, there is always less 

 difference between the antennae of the sexes of their respective pupae. 

 The male pupal genital organs are represented in Sphinx ligustri 

 by a very well defined linear depression guarded by two lips, the 

 one on the right the other on the left, in the sternal region of the 

 ninth somite. These lips are tumid, broad at their centres and 

 pointed at either extremity. The structure is best seen in individuals 

 placed, immediately pupation has been completed, in spirit, in older 

 living specimens the dark colour and the thickening of the pupal 

 cuticle rather obscure the structure (Jackson, Studies in Morph. 

 of Lepidoptera, pi. xv., fig. n). The female pupal genital organs 

 of the Sphingids are similar to those of other Heterocera. The sternal 

 region of the ninth somite is prolonged forwards, to a greater or 

 less extent, as a triangular plate invading the eighth sternal region, 

 and it is, at the same time, not clearly limited from the tenth somite 

 behind, i.e., the intersegmental line between the 9th and 10th 

 somites is not quite continuous from side to side across the ventral 

 line. These features are shown in Protoparce mauritii, Butl., and 

 Sphinx ligustri, L., but in P. mauritii it is to be noticed that there 

 are two fine longitudinal lines or depressions, one in the 8th sternum, 

 and a second short one, at the apex of the triangular forward 

 extension of the 9th sternum, whereas in S. ligustri there is but 

 a single linear depression situated in the sternal region of the 8th 

 somite, enclosed, however, by triangular lines passing backwards. 

 The single depression represents the two depressions seen in 

 Protoparce (Joe. cit., pi. xv., figs. 10, 12). Jackson further notes that, 

 in the cast pupal cuticle of Sphinx ligustri and of Smerinthus ocellata, 

 he has found two bands united at their bases, which are evidently 

 the cast chitinoid linings of the ducts of the bursa copulatrix and 

 of the oviducal tube, whilst, on one occasion, a double linear depression 

 was found in a pupa of ,5. ligustri, and a similar one in ,S. ocellata 

 (oculatus by error), in which there is also usually only a single 

 depression ; similar variations have been found in the pupae of Amoipha 

 populi. Variations in the direction of having single or double 

 apertures are also noted in pupae of Manduca atropos and Eumorpha 



