SPHINGIDES. 381 



Theretra hybr. standfussi, Bart, (porcellus $ X elpenor 2 ), Celerio 

 (Deilephila) hybr. phileuphorbiae, Miitzell (euphorbiae $ x gallii 2 ), 

 Celerio hybr. vespertilioides, Bdv. (hippophaes $ X vesper tilio 2 ), (7. 

 hybr. epilobii, Bdv. (euphorbiae $ X vespertilio 2 ), C hybr. pauli, Mory 

 (euphorbiae 6* X hippophaes 2 ), C. hybr. eugeni, Mory (epilobii $ 

 X vespertilio 2 ), C. hybr. lippei, Mory (eugeni $ X vespertilio 2 )• 

 We are indebted almost entirely to Standfuss* for our knowledge 

 of these forms. He observes that, at present, only male progeny 

 has been recorded of Theretra hybr. standfussi, and that in C. 

 hybr. epilobii, C. hybr. vespertiiioides, and Amorpha hybr. inversa 

 males predominate, and the females are sterile, whilst in Smerin- 

 thus hybr. hybridus the offspring consisted of both sexes in 

 normal proportions, the females, however, containing but few eggs, 

 and these abnormal in structure. It is further remarkable that, 

 although most of the males of these hybrids have the genitalia 

 well-formed and functional, the females are often more or less 

 gynandromorphous, and where this is not the case they are almost 

 always more or less sterile. Details of the various hybrids will be given 

 under the several families or subfamilies to which the species belong. 



Gynandromorphism is not at all infrequent among the Sphingids. 

 Schultz describes or mentions (Illus. Woch. filr Ent., i., p. 493, hi., 

 p. 311) the following: Manduca atropos 1, Agrius convolvuli 6, 

 Celerio gallii 1, Celerio euphorbiae 1, Eumorpha elpenor 1, Daphnis 

 nerii 3, Mimas tiliae 3, Smerinthus ocellata 2, Amorpha populi 66, 

 A. hybr. hybridus 7, Sesia stellatarum 2. There are, of course, many 

 other examples in various collections. 



Newman and others note parthenogenesis as occurring in 

 Manduca atropos, Sphinx ligustri, Mimas tiliae, Smerinthus ocellata 

 and Amorpha populi (antea, vol. i., p. 29). Treviranus (Verm. 

 Schr., iv., p. 106), speaking of parthenogenesis, says, ''I myself 

 have been eye-witness of this in the case of a $ of Sphinx ligustri, 

 which had emerged from the pupa during the night in my room. 

 In the morning it was impaled on a pin, and, on the second day, 

 it laid a number of eggs, from which larvae emerged just as if a 

 pairing with a male had taken place, which was quite certainly not 

 the case." Burmeister says (Handbuch der Entomologie, p. 312 of 

 Shuckard's translation) that his friend, Dr. A. von Nordmann, 

 has recently observed parthenogenesis in A. populi, but gives no details. 

 Baltzer, in his dissertation, " De Anatomia Sphingidarum," describes 

 and figures numerous anatomical details in this superfamily, e.g., parts 

 of antennae of Smerinthus ocellata, the intestinal tract of this species 

 and Eumorpha elpenor, $ genitalia of Mimas tiliae, 2 genitalia of 

 Sphinx ligustri, Eumorpha elpenor, etc. 



Desvoidy notices (Essai sur les Myodaires, ii., 1830, p. 28) that 

 he has seen Phryae emerge from the imago of Sphinx ligustri. 



The many important details found in entomological literature, 

 relating to the habits of the Sphingids, are far too numerous to 

 mention. Bachmetjew ( Societas Entom., vol. xv., pp. 171 et sea.) has 

 shown that the temperature of the moth rises rapidly whilst buzzing, 

 Eumorpha elpenor being one of the species on which the observations 



* Mory's hybrids described [Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., x., pp. 333 et seq.) 

 must be bred ab ovo before they can be really accepted. At present the evidence 

 offered is very inconclusive. 



