416 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



flatter area with longitudinal grooves or ribbing, it ends in front 

 in a minute pit or foveola, and, behind, in a depression at the base 

 of the cremastral spine, which has a ridge and two grooves (or 

 rather three ridges) radiating back from this point. The abdominal 

 spiracles are oval, double, raised lines, within which is a flat area 

 with a narrow central slit. The margin of the 4th subsegment, 

 which bends forwards in front of the spiracle, does so so markedly 

 on the 3rd abdominal as to produce a small pit at that point ; there is 

 no trace of alteration of the surface sculpturing in front of the spiracles, 

 still less any trace of flanges as in the Sphingids (sens, strict.). 

 The ? pupa is rather larger and more robust; it may be 11mm. — 

 12mm. or more in width, otherwise it differs from the $ pupa in 

 no respect, antennal or otherwise, except in the configuration of 

 the terminal segments. From the foveola, noted at anterior end 

 of groove in 10th abdominal segment, a suture proceeds forward 

 to anterior margin of 8th segment. This forms a wide, smooth, 

 longitudinally striated area on the 9th abdominal, which encroaches 

 on the 8th by an angular prolongation, and terminates between two 

 small mammillae on the middle of the ventral line of the 8th 

 abdominal. There is much difference as to the obviousness or 

 otherwise of these sculpturings ; in a well-marked one, the pro- 

 longation of the 9th into the 8th abdominal stops just before a 

 definite foveola in the 8th, between two slight elevations (Chapman). 

 Poulton describes and figures (Ext. Morph. of Lefiidopterous Pupa, p. 

 204, pi. xx., figs. 12 — 14) the terminal abdominal segments of 

 this pupa. Viewed ventrally, the 2 pupa shows the median pro- 

 longation of the 10th abdominal to be distinct, and the median 

 slit in front of its apex represents one or both generative openings. 

 A $ pupa, viewed from the left side, showed the scar of the 

 caudal horn distinctly in profile. 



Extended duration of pupal stage. — The pupal stage rarely 

 extends over more than one winter ; occasionally, however, an odd 

 pupa in a brood will do so in confinement, but the records of such 

 are very few. We have the following noted : Imago emerged May 

 18th, 1867, from a pupa of July, 1865, at Brighton (Image) : 

 May 1 881, from an 1879 pupa (Lowrey) ; four imagines between 

 May 1 8th and 27th, 1888, from 1886 pupae at Lee (Fenn) ; April 

 8th, 1894, a $, from an 1892 pupa at Hartley Wintney (Claxton) ; 

 May 2nd, 1894, a $ , also from an 1892 pupa at Mitcheldean 

 (Searancke). It will be observed that all these examples are from 

 localities south of the Thames. 



Parasitks. — Ichneumon flavatorius, Fab. (Stephens), Pimpla 

 instigator, Panz. (Marshall), Microplitis ocellatae^ Bouche — the 

 larvae are gregarious, leave their host in September, when they 

 spin their rough, greyish -brown cocoons, closely agglutinated 

 together, and remain thereon until the following May or June 

 (Bignell). | Slater exhibited certain parasites found externally on 

 larva of M. t/'t/ae, which Waterhouse believed to be an Acarid — 

 Uropoda vegetans (E.M.M., vol. xxiii., p. 115).! 



Foodplants. — Lime (Linne), elm (Tutt), hazel (Bacot), sallow 

 (Fowler), willow (Crewe), honeysuckle (Simes), birch (Dollman,, 

 alder (Briggs), oak (Speyer and Snellen), all varieties of Ulmus 

 (Snellen), ash (Caradja), once on walnut (Rdssler), Tilia platyphyllos, 



