SMERINTHUS OCELLATA. 4 37 



in the ground (Clark). The pupae are generally obtained in October and 

 November by digging at the foot of the trees on which the larvae have 

 fed up. Comyn notes ( Ent. Wk. Int., vii., p. 44) 37 pupae being found 

 in a piece of ground less than 2ft. in diameter, under a sallow-bush. 



Pupal moult. — At the moult to pupa, the larval stripes are 

 visible in dark green, as well as the sites of the prolegs. The lips of 

 the 1 st spiracle and the anal spine are chitinous. The tube 

 between the 1st and 2nd thoracic segments leading to the 1st 

 spiracle is unusually open, and allows the spiracle to be seen at 

 bottom, light being freely afforded through the translucent green 

 tissues. The other dark chitinous parts are the posterior border 

 of the 7th abdominal and pale bands on the dorsum of the 3rd 

 thoracic, and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments, also 

 many of -the small cutaneous pits. In another specimen the 

 stripes and prolegs are of a vivid blue as well as the tips of the 

 mandibles and four spots at the base of the labrum. In this 

 species the spiracles are closed from the moult, and the move- 

 ments of the valves are not visible (see anted,, vol. ii., pp. 50-59) 

 (Chapman). 



Pupa. — $ . Length 40mm., width (at 4th and 5th abdominal seg- 

 ments) 13mm. — 14mm. ; fairly cylindrical ; front straight from labrum 

 to end of wings, and nearly to the 6th abdominal segment, thence 

 tapers regularly to anus; dorsum curved from the 2nd abdominal to the 

 head; the cremastral spike, being at dorsal margin of 10th abdominal, 

 makes one take an erroneous line as the axis of the pupa and 

 think it more truly cylindrical than it is ; nevertheless, apart from 

 the curvature of the thoracic dorsum and some " waist " at the 

 1 st abdominal, any cross-section would be circular ; from the labrum 

 to end of maxillae 6'5mm., to end of first legs and of antennae 

 10mm., of 2nd leg 12mm., and of wings 16mm. The apparently 

 smooth hairless surface presents microscopically a considerable number 

 of very minute hairs scattered round the median zone of each ab- 

 dominal segment ; these are definite hairs with jointed bases, their 

 length being actually -06 of a millimetre. Specimens differ a good 

 deal in the clearness of the mouth-parts ; a favourable specimen 

 shows a prominence at front angle of cheeks that looks like jaws, 

 but is really process of cheek ; inside this is a smoother space, with 

 a small tubercle, the labrum, centrally forwards ; two others, one 

 on each side laterally, the mandibles ; a central foveola is the 

 opening of mouth or oesophagus, i.e., the place whence oesophageal 

 lining was withdrawn on moult to pupa. The anterior margin of 

 maxillae is somewhat arched forwards, being more forward centrally, 

 but there is no forward angle here as in the pupa of Mimas tiliae ; the 

 lines of suture of the appendages have a polished margin as in M. 

 tiliae, but the general surface being smooth and polished, the first 

 impression is that this polished line of the suture is absent ; the 

 convexity of glazed eye is towards the venter; the 1st legs have an 

 equal margin to face and antenna, the 2nd begins as a sharp 

 point between antenna and 1st leg. The wings are much smoother 

 than those of the pupae of Amorpha populi and M. tiliae, but have an 

 abundance of fine transverse smoothed-out wrinkles ; the lines of 

 neuration are fairly distinct. Poulton's line is obvious along the 

 hind margin, less so along the inner margin ; the strip of hindwing 



