440 BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 



difference, except in the sculpturing of the 8th and 9th abdominal 

 segments. In the $ pupa, the 10th segment stretches forwards 

 ventrally in a smooth surface, continuous with the similarly produced 

 9th segment and with the 8th ; at the apex of this smooth surface, 

 in the middle of the 8th segment, but having all the aspect of being 

 on this angular projection of the 9th, are two small prominences, 

 with a hollow between them, less prominent than those on the 9th 

 segment of the $ pupa, but very similar to them. The -only other 

 difference from the $ pupa is that the anal groove has, in some 

 specimens, a small pore separated from it in front, which 

 might be part of the groove or a separate structure (Chapman). 

 Poulton gives (Ext. Morph. Lep. Pitpa, pp. 202 — 203, pi. xx., figs. 

 1 — 7) a description with illustrative figures of the terminal abdominal 

 segments of the $ and ? pupae of this species. He notes { 2 

 pupa) the last spiracle (functional in the larva) as being rudimentary in 

 the pupa, a rough terminal spine forming the extremity of the 

 pupa, whilst immediately in front of it (in the ventral line) is the 

 anus, which is very distinctly indicated. The boundary between the 

 9th and 10th segments is prolonged forwards in the ventral line, 

 and the apex of the narrow triangular area which is thus formed 

 represents the opening of the oviducts, invisible in most individuals 

 of the species, although sometimes seen. Immediately in front of 

 the apex of the above-mentioned area is the second or anterior 

 generative aperture, that of the bursa copulatrix. This is very 

 distinctly marked, and is bounded laterally by prominent convex 

 lips ; it thus resembles the form of the male generative opening, 

 but can be readily distinguished in that it is placed in the 8th 

 abdominal segment, while the male aperture is situated in the 9th ; 

 in the side view, the dorsal projection, which corresponds with the 

 caudal horn of the larva, is seen ; this normal trace of the caudal 

 horn consists of an anterior slight elevation formed by the soft 

 surface of the pupa, rising in the hollow interior of the horn, and 

 a posterior slight concavity, caused by the hinder margin of the 

 base being depressed into the soft surface when the horn is bent 

 backwards, becoming nearly horizontal before pupation, whilst im- 

 mediately below the terminal spine is seen a curved line dividing 

 the 10th segment into an upper and a lower (or anal) part. The 

 terminal part of the pupa, as seen ventrally, shows distinctly the 

 narrow pointed prolongation of the boundary between the 9th and 

 10th abdominal segments, although neither of the generative organs 

 is visible without magnification ; the anus is distinct, and the 

 cushions on each side of it (representing the anal claspers of the 

 larva) are somewhat more prominent than usual. In the $ pupa, 

 ventral aspect, the opening of the male ducts is distinctly seen, 

 placed between the prominent lips upon the 9th abdominal segment. 

 Variation of pupa. — The most notable fact about this pupa 

 is the variation in the character of the surface sculpturing, not 

 only in the degree to which it is pronounced both on the 

 thorax and abdomen, but, especially on the abdomen, in its 

 obsolete character, so that, in some specimens, a description of 

 it as a perfectly smooth, polished surface with pits, on the 

 pattern so common in Noctuid pupae would be correct, whilst 

 in others, the smooth surface still retains something of the labyrinthine 



