AMORPHA POPULI. 481 



whilst the spiracular series commences most frequently on the 4th 

 abdominal. Poulton further shows (loc. cit., p. 285) that the 3rd 

 and 7th abdominal segments are predominant in the dorsal row. 

 The latter also notes a reddening of the upperside of the base of 

 the horn in some larvae, whilst the prolegs are frequently all marked 

 with red, but this character is usually not well-developed. A 

 red mark is also occasionally found on the head in the area of 

 the ocelli, and the apex of the head is sometimes suffused with 

 the red colour. Poulton further gives (loc. cit., p. 287) a table 

 which shows the results of the examination of a brood of larvae 

 from a single batch of eggs, and all fed under the same conditions, in 

 which it is seen that the tint of the ground-colour and the development 

 of the spots are produced in a very heterogeneous manner. Miss Gould 

 figures and describes (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1892, p. 241, pi. xi., 

 figs. 11 — 13) a red-spotted larva of A?norpha populi 'in detail, and com- 

 pares it with the analogous form of the larva of Mimas tiliae. She 

 notes how, on August 19th, 1890, a change took place in the 

 spiracular row of spots without any moult. These were at first merely 

 irregular, roundish, red spots, but became, at this date, more ocellated, 

 the pupil (the spiracle itself) yellowish-red, the iris green, 

 boldly outlined with red. Further details are given of the 

 appearance of the spots after the larva had undergone its last 

 moult. Elliot connects the peculiar form of the larva having 

 on each segment, except the 1st, 2nd and 12th, a rather large 

 purplish blotch just above the spiracles, with Populus nigra, and 

 says that he repeatedly finds it on this plant ; Dawson records 

 {Ent., v., p. 184) a larva with an extra row of eight rosy subdorsal 

 spots on either side, on the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and nth 

 segments, the horn also rosy above and below, at Driffield ; others similar 

 taken at Shepherd's Bush and Acton (Clifford) ; at Palmerston Park, 

 near Dublin, a marked variety of the larva was taken on September 1st, 

 1 88c, by Flemyng, " ornamented on each side with a double row of 10 

 reddish-brown spots ; the first five upper spots (counting from the 

 head) are small, 6, 7, and 8 large, 9 small, 10 large; the ten 

 lower spots are all of much the same size, i.e., a little smaller than 

 the large spots of the upper series. When the larva was found 

 the spots were of a bright (almost maroon) colour, but have become 

 duller as the pupal state is fast approaching. The red spot that 

 is always found underneath the horn is present, also a red spot 

 at the bottom of the horn on the upperside, and another at the 

 top of the head " (Ent., xiii., pp. 243 — 244) ; a similar variety to 

 that recorded by Flemyng, with two rows of 10 red spots on each 

 side was found feeding on willow (Graham) ; a form of the larva 

 occurs with two longitudinal lateral series of delicately pink 

 blotches — the first series is what might be called subdorsal, being 

 visible from above looking down on the dorsal area ; the second 

 series is spiracular, each spiracle being seated in the middle of a 

 blotch ; the ground colour is pale glaucous, so that the blotches are 

 thrown up as it were in a very beautiful manner (Newman) ; larvae vary 

 much at Corsemalzie, some are very pale, others are of a rich dark 

 green, some are ornamented with red spots (Gordon); larvae were found 

 in July, 188 1, in North Devon, and, later, a second brood, the latter of 

 the beautiful golden-green form, with subdorsal row of large red 



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